CHAPTER 8

REFERENCES

GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION

General Considerations

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13. Lobdell DH: 'Ring' granulomas in cytomegalovirus hepatitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 111: 881-882, 1987.

14. Marazuela M, Moreno A, Yebra M, et al: Hepatic fibrin-ring granulomas: A clinicopathologic study of 23 patients. Hum Pathol 22: 607-613, 1991.

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Infectious Causes

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33. Chen TSN, Drutz DJ, Whelan GE: Hepatic granulomas in leprosy. Their relation to bacteremia. Arch Pathol Lab Med 100: 182-185, 1976.

34. Daneshbod K: Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in Iran: A pathologic and electron microscopic study. Am J Clin Pathol 57: 156-166, 1972.

35. Das BC, Haynes I, Weaver RM, Acland PR: Primary hepatic cryptococcosis. Br Med J 287: 464, 1983.

36. De Cock KM: Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: a clinical review. Gut 27: 734-745, 1986.

37. Delahoussaye PM, Osborne BM: Cat-scratch disease presenting as abdominal visceral granulomas. J Infect Dis 161: 71-78, 1990.

38. Dhekne RD, Moore WH, Long SE, Barron BJ: Tuberculous pseudotumor of the liver. Clin Nuc Med 12: 816-819, 1987.

39. Dodd LG, Nelson SD: Disseminated coccidioidomycosis detected by percutaneous liver biopsy in a liver transplant recipient. Am J Clin Pathol 93: 141-144, 1990.

40. Dunn MA, Kamel R: Hepatic schistosomiasis. Hepatology 1: 653-661, 1981.

41. Essop AR, Posen JA, Hodkinson JH, Segal I: Tuberculosis hepatitis: A clinical review of 96 cases. Q J Med 53: 465-477, 1984.

42. Farhi DC, Mason UG III, Horsburgh CR Jr: Pathologic findings in disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection. A report of 11 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 85: 67-72, 1986.

43. Gallinger S, Strasberg SM, Marcus HI, Brunton J: Local hepatic tuberculosis, the cause of a painful hepatic mass: Case report and review of the literature. Can J Surg 29: 451-452, 1986.

44. Giradin M-F S-M, Zafrani ES, Chaumette M-T, et al: Hepatic granulomas in Whipple's disease. Gastroenterology 86: 753-756, 1984.

45. Goodwin RA, Loyd JE, Des Prez RM: Histoplasmosis in normal hosts. Medicine 60: 231-266, 1981.

46. Goodwin RA Jr, Shapiro JL, Thurman GH, et al: Disseminated histoplasmosis: Clinical and pathologic correlations. Medicine 59: 1-33, 1980.

47. Graham AR, Sobonya RE, Bronnimann DA, Galgiani JN: Quantitative pathology of coccidioidomycosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 19: 800-806, 1988.

48. Graziano DA, Jacobs D, Lozano RG, Buck RL: A case of granulomatous hepatitis after intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin administration. J Urol 146: 1118-1119, 1991.

49. Guardia J, Martínez-Vázquez JM, Moragas A, et al: The liver in boutonneuse fever. Gut 15: 549-551, 1974.

50. Haron E, Feld R, Tuffnell P, et al: Hepatic candidiasis: An increasing problem in immunocompromised patients. Am J Med 83: 17-26, 1987.

51. Hersch C: Tuberculosis of the liver. So Afr Med J 38: 857-863, 1964.

52. Hofmann CE, Heaton JW Jr: Q fever hepatitis. Clinical manifestations and pathological findings. Gastroenterology 83: 474-479, 1982.

53. Howard PF, Smith JW: Diagnosis of disseminated coccidioidomycosis by liver biopsy. Arch Intern Med 143: 1335-1338, 1983.

54. Hunt AC, Bothwell PW: Histological findings in human brucellosis. J Clin Pathol 20: 267-272, 1967.

55. Hunt JS, Silverstein MJ, Sparks FC, et al: Granulomatous hepatitis: A complication of BCG immunotherapy. Lancet 2: 820-821, 1973.

56. Johnson TL, Barnett JL, Appelman HD, Nostrant T: Candida hepatitis: Histopathologic diagnosis. Am J Surg Pathol 12: 716-720, 1988.

57. Karat AB, Job CK, Rao PS: Liver in leprosy: Histological and biochemical findings. Br Med J 1: 307-310, 1971.

58. Kohen MD, Altman KA: Jaundice due to a rare cause: Tuberculous lymphadenitits. Am J Gastroenterol 59: 48-53, 1973.

59. Korinek JK, Guarda LA, Bolivar R, Stroehlein JR: Trichosporon hepatitis. Gastroenterology 85: 732-734, 1983.

60. Korn RJ, Kellow WF, Heller P, et al: Hepatic involvement in extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Med 27: 60-71, 1959.

61. Lanza FL, Nelson RS, Somayaji BN: Acute granulomatous hepatitis due to histoplasmosis. Gastroenterology 58: 392-396, 1970.

62. Lenoir AA, Storch GA, DeSchryver-Kecskemeti K, et al: Granulomatous hepatitis associated with cat scratch disease. Lancet 1: 1132-1136, 1988.

63. Lewis JH, Patel HR, Zimmerman HJ: The spectrum of hepatic candidiasis. Hepatology 2: 479-487, 1982.

64. Maartens G, Willcox PA, Benatar SR: Miliary tuberculosis: Rapid diagnosis, hematologic abnormalities, and outcome in 109 treated adults. Am J Med 89: 291-296, 1990.

65. Maharaj B, Leary WP, Pudifin DJ: A prospective study of hepatic tuberculosis in 41 black patients. Q J Med 63: 517-522, 1987.

66. Maksymiuk AW, Thongprasert S, Hopfer R, et al: Systemic candidiasis in cancer patients. Am J Med 77 (suppl 4D): 20-27, 1984.

67. Marcial MA, Marcial-Rojas RA: Parasitic diseases of the liver. In Schiff L, Schiff ER (eds): Diseases of the Liver, 6th ed. Philadelphia, 1987, JB Lippincott. pp 1171-1196.

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69. Misra PS, Lebwohl P, Laufer H: Hepatic and appendiceal Whipple's disease with negative jejunal biopsies. Am J Gastroenterol 75: 302-306, 1981.

70. Mondou EN, Gnepp DR: Hepatic granuloma resulting from Enterobius vermicularis. Am J Clin Pathol 91: 97-100, 1989.

71. Moreno A, Marazuela M, Yebra M, et al: Hepatic fibrin-ring granulomas in visceral leishmaniasis. Gastroenterology 95: 1123-1126, 1988.

72. Murphy TF, Gray GF: Biliary tract obstruction due to tuberculous adenitis. Am J Med 68: 452-454, 1980.

73. Myerowitz RL, Pazin GJ, Allen CM: Disseminated candidiasis. Changes in incidence, underlying diseases, and pathology. Am J Clin Pathol 68: 29-38, 1977.

74. Nash TE, Cheever AW, Ottesen EA, Cook JA: Schistosome infections in humans: Perspectives and recent findings. Ann Intern Med 97: 740-754, 1982.

75. Neafie RC, Connor DH: Visceral leishmaniasis. In Binford CH, Connor DH (eds): Pathology of Tropical and Extraordinary Diseases, vol 1. Washington DC, 1976, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. pp 265-272.

76. Okudaira M, Straub M, Schwartz J: The etiology of discrete splenic and hepatic calcifications in an endemic area of histoplasmosis. Am J Pathol 39: 599-611, 1961.

77. Okun DB, Sun NCJ, Tanaka KR: Bone marrow granulomas in Q fever. Am J Clin Pathol 71: 117-121, 1979.

78. Oliva A, Duarte B, Jonasson O, Nadimpalli V: The nodular form of local hepatic tuberculosis. A review. J Clin Gastroenterol 12: 166-173, 1990.

79. Ortego TJ, Robey B, Morrison D, Chan C: Toxoplasmic chorioretinitis and hepatic granulomas. Am J Gastroenterol 85: 1418-1420, 1990.

80. Patel KM: Granulomatous hepatitis due to Mycobacterium scrofulaceum: Report of a case. Gastroenterology 81: 156-158, 1981.

81. Pellegrin M, Delsol G, Auvergnat JC, et al: Granulomatous hepatitis in Q-fever. Hum Pathol 11: 51-57, 1980.

82. Poltera AA, Katsimbura N: Granulomatous hepatitis due to Strongyloides stercoralis. J Pathol 113: 241-246, 1974.

83. Qizilbash AH: The pathology of Q fever as seen on liver biopsy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 107: 364-367, 1983.

84. Roberts-Thomson IC, Anders RF, Bhathal PS: Granulomatous hepatitis and cholangitis associated with giardiasis. Gastroenterology 83: 480-483, 1982.

85. Rocco VK, Roman RJ, Eigenbrodt EH: Cat scratch diease. Report of a case with hepatic lesions and a brief review of the literature. Gastroenterology 89: 1400-1406, 1985.

86. Salfelder K, Brass K, Doehnert G, et al: Fatal disseminated histoplasmosis. Anatomic study of autopsy cases. Virchows Arch [A] 350: 303-335, 1970.

87. Sathapatayavongs B, Batteiger BE, Wheat J, et al: Clinical and laboratory features of disseminated histoplasmosis during two large urban outbreaks. Medicine 62: 263-270, 1983.

88. Sawyer LA, Fishbein DB, McDade JE: Q fever: Current concepts. Rev Infect Dis 9: 935-946, 1987.

89. Schwartz J: The diagnosis of deep mycoses by morphologic methods. Hum Pathol 13: 519-533, 1982.

90. Sharma SK, Shamim SQ, Bannerjee CK, Sharma BK: Disseminated tuberculosis presenting as massive hepatosplenomegaly and hepatic failure. Am J Gastroenterol 76: 153-156, 1981.

91. Slavin RE, Walsh TJ, Pollack AD: Late generalized tuberculosis: A clinical pathologic analysis and comparison of 100 cases in the preantibiotic and antibiotic eras. Medicine 59: 352-366, 1980.

92. Smith JW, Utz JP: Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis. A prospective study of 26 patients. Ann Intern Med 76: 557-565, 1972.

93. Spelman DW: Q fever: A study of 111 consecutive cases. Med J Aust 1: 547-553, 1982.

94. Spink WW, Hoffbauer FW, Walker WW, Green RA: Histopathology of the liver in human brucellosis. J Lab Clin Med 34: 40-58, 1949.

95. Srigley JR, Vellend H, Palmer N, et al: Q-fever. The liver and bone marrow pathology. Am J Surg Pathol 9: 752-758, 1985.

96. Stewart C, Jackson L: Splenohepatic tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium kansasii. Med J Aust 2: 99-101, 1976.

97. Talley NJ, Eckstein RP, Gattas MR, Stiel D: Acute hepatitis and Brucella melitensis infection: clinicopathological findings. Med J Aust 148: 587-590, 1988.

98. Tashjian LS, Abramson JS, Peacock JE Jr: Focal hepatic candidiasis: A distinct clincal variant of candidiasis in immunocompromised patients. Rev Infect Dis 6: 689-703, 1984.

99. Tellez A, Sainz C, Echevarria C, et al: Q fever in Spain: Acute and chronic cases, 1981-1985. Rev Infect Dis 10: 198-202, 1988.

100. Thaler M, Pastakia B, Shawker TH, et al: Hepatic candidiasis in cancer patients: The evolving picture of the syndrome. Ann Intern Med 108: 88-100, 1988.

101. Travis LB, Travis WD, Li C-Y, Pierre RV: Q fever. A clinicopathologic study of five cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110: 1017-1020, 1986.

102. Turck WP, Howitt G, Turnberg LA, et al: Chronic Q fever. Q J Med 45: 193-217, 1976.

103. Vargas V, Comas P, Llatzer R, et al: Brucellar hepatic abscess. J Clin Gastroenterol 13: 477-478, 1991.

104. Vianna MR, Gayotto LCC, Telma R, et al: Intrahepatic bile duct changes in human hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni. Liver 9: 100-109, 1989.

105. Weir WR, Bannister B, Chambers S, et al: Chronic Q fever associated with granulomatous hepatitis. J Infect 8: 56-60, 1984.

106. Weitberg AB, Alper JC, Diamond I, Fligiel Z: Acute granulomatous hepatitis in the course of acquired toxoplasmosis. N Engl J Med 300: 1093-1096, 1979.

107. Wheat J, French ML, Kohler RB, et al: The diagnostic laboratory tests for histoplasmosis. Analysis of experience in a large urban outbreak. Ann Intern Med 97: 680-685, 1982.

108. Willcox PA, Potgieter PD, Bateman ED, et al: Rapid diagnosis of sputum negative miliary tuberculosis using the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. Thorax 41: 681-684, 1986.

109. Williams AO, Lawson EA, Lucas AO: African histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma duboisii. Arch Pathol 92: 306-318, 1971.

110. Williams RK, Crossley K: Acute and chronic hepatic involvement of brucellosis. Gastroenterology 83: 455-458, 1982.

111. Yebra M, Marazuela M, Albarrán F, Moreno A: Chronic Q fever hepatitis. Rev Infect Dis 10: 1229-1230, 1988.

112. Young EJ: Brucella melitensis hepatitis: The absence of granulomas. Ann Intern Med 91: 414-415, 1979.

113. Young EJ: Human brucellosis. Rev Infect Dis 5: 821-842, 1983.

114. Zipser RD, Rau JE, Ricketts RR, Bevans LC: Tuberculous psuedotumors of the liver. Am J Med 61: 946-951, 1976.

Noninfectious Causes

115. Abrams J, Pearl P, Moody M, Schimpff SC: Epithelioid granulomas revisited: long-term follow-up in Hodgkin's disease. Am J Clin Oncol 11: 456-460, 1988.

116. Aderka D, Kraus M, Avidor I, et al: Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas masquerading as "idiopathic" liver granulomas. Am J Gastroenterol 79: 642-644, 1984.

117. Al-Kawas FH, Seeff LB, Berendson RA, et al: Allopurinol hepatotoxicity. Report of two case and review of the literature. Ann Intern Med 95: 588-590, 1981.

118. Bass NM, Burroughs AK, Scheuer PJ, et al: Chronic intrahepatic cholestasis due to sarcoidosis. Gut 23: 417-421, 1982.

119. Benjamin SB, Ishak KG, Zimmerman HJ, Grushka A: Phenylbutazone liver injury: A clinical-pathologic survey of 23 cases and review of the literature. Hepatology 1: 255-263, 1981.

120. Chagnac A, Gal R, Kimche D, et al: Liver granulomas: A possible paraneoplastic manifestation of hypernephroma. Am J Gastroenterol 80: 989-902, 1985.

121. Friedland JS, Weatherall DJ, Ledingham JGG: A chronic granulomatous syndrome of unknown origin. Medicine 69: 325-331, 1990.

122. Gaffey CM, Chun B, Harvey JC, et al: Phenytoin-induced systemic granulomatous vasculitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110: 131-135, 1986.

123. Hercules H de C, Bethlem NM: Value of liver biopsy in sarcoidosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 108: 831-834, 1984.

124. Ishak KG, Zimmerman HJ: Drug-induced and toxic granulomatous hepatitis. Baillière's Clin Gastroenterol 2: 463-480, 1988.

125. Johnson LN, Iseri O, Knodell RG: Caseating hepatic granulomas in Hodgkin's lymphoma. Gastroenterology 99: 1837-1840, 1990.

126. Keeffe EB: Sarcoidosis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Literature review and illustrative case. Am J Med 83: 977-980, 1987.

127. Kurumaya H, Kono N, Nakanuma Y, et al: Hepatic granulomata in long-term hemodialysis patients with hyperaluminumemia. Arch Pathol Lab Med 113: 1132-1134, 1989.

128. Lee RG, Epstein O, Jauregui H, et al: Granulomas in primary biliary cirrhosis: A prognostic feature. Gastroenterology 81: 983-986, 1981.

129. Levy M, Goodman MW, Van Dyne BJ, Sumner HW: Granulomatous hepatitis secondary to carbamazepine. Ann Intern Med 95: 64-65, 1981.

130. Maddrey WC: Sarcoidosis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Associated disorders? N Engl J Med 308: 588-590, 1983.

131. Maddrey WC, Johns CJ, Boitnott JK, Iber FL: Sarcoidosis and chronic hepatic disease: A clinical and pathologic study of 20 patients. Medicine 49: 375-395, 1970.

132. McMaster KR III, Hennigar GR: Drug-induced granulomatous hepatitis. Lab Invest 44: 61-73, 1981.

133. Min KW, Gyorkey F, Cain GD: Talc granulomata in liver disease in narcotic addicts. Arch Pathol Lab Med 98: 331-335, 1974.

134. Mullick FG, Ishak KG: Hepatic injury associated with diphenylhydantoin therapy. A clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 74: 442-452, 1980.

135. Murphy JR, Sjogren MH, Kikendall JW, et al: Small bile duct abnormalities in sarcoidosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 12: 555-561, 1990.

136. Myers JL, Augur NA Jr: Hydralazine-induced cholangitis. Gastroenterology 87: 1185-1188, 1984.

137. Nakanuma Y, Ohta G: Quantitation of hepatic granulomas and epithelioid cells in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 3: 423-427, 1983.

138. Nakanuma Y, Ohta G, Doishita K, Maki H: Granulomatous liver disease in the small hepatic and portal veins. Arch Pathol Lab Med 104: 456-458, 1980.

139. Nakhleh RE, Glock M, Snover DC: Hepatic pathology of chronic granulomatous disease of childhood. Arch Pathol Lab Med 116: 71-75, 1992.

140. Nataline MR, Goyette RE, Owensby LC, Rubin RN: The Budd-Chiari syndrome in sarcoidosis. JAMA 239: 2657-2658, 1978.

141. O'Connell MJ, Schimpff SC, Kirschner RH, et al: Epithelioid granulomas in Hodgkin's disease. A favorable prognostic sign? JAMA 233: 886-889, 1975.

142. Pereira-Lima J, Schaffner F: Chronic cholestasis in hepatic sarcoidosis with clinical features resembling primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Med 83: 144-148, 1987.

143. Rudzki C, Ishak KG, Zimmerman HJ: Chronic intrahepatic cholestasis of sarcoidosis. Am J Med 59: 373-387, 1975.

144. Russi EW, Bansky G, Pfaltz M, et al: Budd-Chiari syndrome in sarcoidosis. Am J Gastroenterol 81: 71-75, 1986.

145. Sacks EL, Donaldson SS, Gordon J, Dorfman RF: Epithelioid granulomas associated with Hodgkin's disease. Clinical correlations in 55 previously untreated patients. Cancer 41: 562-567, 1978.

146. Saito K, Nakanuma Y, Ogawa S, et al: Extensive hepatic granulomas associated with peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Am J Gastroenterol 86: 1243-1246, 1991.

147. Simon HB, Wolff SM: Granulomatous hepatitis and prolonged fever of unknown origin: A study of 13 patients. Medicine 52: 1-21, 1973.

148. Stricker BHCh, Blok APR, Babany G, Benhamou J-P: Fibrin ring granulomas and allopurinol. Gastroenterology 96: 1199-1203, 1989.

149. Swank LA, Chejfec G, Nemchausky BA: Allopurinol-induced granulomatous hepatitis with cholangitis and a sarcoid-like reaction. Arch Intern Med 138: 997-998, 1978.

150. Tauber AI, Borregaard N, Simons E, Wright J: Chronic granulomatous disease. Medicine 62: 286-309, 1983.

151. Tekeste H, Latour F, Levitt RE: Portal hypertension complicating sarcoid liver disease: Case report and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol 79: 389-396, 1984.

152. Telenti A, Hermans PE: Idiopathic granulomatosis manifesting as fever of unknown origin. Mayo Clin Proc 64: 44-50, 1989.

153. Toft E, Vyberg M, Therkelsen K: Diltiazem-induced granulomatous hepatitis. Histopathology 18: 474-475, 1991.

154. Valla D, Pessegueiro-Miranda H, Degott C, et al: Hepatic sarcoidosis with portal hypertension. A report of seven cases with a review of the literature. Q J Med 63: 531-544, 1987.

155. Vanderstigel M, Zafrani ES, Lejonc JL, et al: Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome as a cause of hepatic fibrin-ring granulomas. Gastroenterology 90: 188-190, 1986.

156. Young ID, Clark RN, Manley PN, et al: Response to steroids in Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by idiopathic granulomatous venulitis. Gastroenterology 94: 503-507, 1988.

157. Zoutman DE, Ralph ED, Frei JV: Granulomatous hepatitis and fever of unknown origin. An 11-year experience of 23 cases with three years' follow-up. J Clin Gastroenterol 13: 69-75, 1991.

SUPPURATIVE INFLAMMATION

158. Al-Dajani O, Khatib R: Cryptogenic liver abscess due to Listeria monocytogenes. J Infect Dis 147: 961, 1983.

159. Barnes PF, De Cock KM, Reynolds TN, Ralls PW: A comparison of amebic and pyogenic abscess of the liver. Medicine 66: 472-483, 1987.

160. Bhatt BD, Zuckerman MJ, Ho H, Polly SM: Multiple actinomycotic abscesses of the liver. Am J Gastroenterol 85: 309-310, 1990.

161. Boon AP, O'Brien D, Adams DH: 10 year review of invasive aspergillosis detected at necropsy. J Clin Pathol 44: 452-454, 1991.

162. Branum GD, Tyson GS, Branum MA, Meyers WC: Hepatic abscess. Changes in etiology, diagnosis, and management. Ann Surg 212: 655-662, 1990.

163. Brown JR: Human actinomycosis. A study of 181 subjects. Hum Pathol 4: 319-330, 1973.

164. Christoffersen P, Poulsen H, Skeie E: Focal liver cell necrosis accompanied by infiltration of granulocytes arising during operation. Acta Hepato-Splenol 17: 240-245, 1970.

165. Cohen JL, Martin FM, Rossi RL, Schoetz DJ Jr: Liver abscess. The need for complete gastrointestinal evaluation. Arch Surg 124: 561-564, 1989.

166. Gebauer K, Herrmann R, Hall JC, et al: Hepatic involvement in listeriosis. Aust NZ J Med 19: 486-487, 1989.

167. Gellin BG, Broome CV: Listeriosis. JAMA 261: 1313-1320, 1989.

168. Greenstein AJ, Lowenthal D, Hammer GS, et al: Continuing changing patterns of disease in pyogenic liver abscess: A study of 38 patients. Am J Gastroenterol 79: 217-226, 1984.

169. Greenstein AJ, Sachar DB: Pyogenic and amebic abscesses of the liver. Sem Liver Dis 8: 210-217, 1988.

170. Gyorffy EJ, Frey CF, Silva J Jr, McGahan J: Pyogenic liver abscess. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Ann Surg 206: 699-705, 1987.

171. Jenkins D, Richards JE, Rees Y, Wicks ACB: Multiple listerial liver abscesses. Gut 28: 1661-1662, 1987.

172. Jonas RB, Brasitus TA, Chowdhury L: Actinomycotic liver abscess. Case report and literature review. Dig Dis Sci 32: 1435-1437, 1987.

173. Kandel G, Marcon NE: Pyogenic liver abscess: New concepts of an old disease. Am J Gastroenterol 79: 65-71, 1984.

174. Karatassas A, Williams JA: Review of pyogenic liver abscess at the Royal Adelaid Hospital 1980-1987. Aust NZ J Surg 60: 893-897, 1990.

175. Keller TC, Smetana HF: Artefacts in liver biopsies. Am J Clin Pathol 20: 738-741, 1950.

176. Klatt EC, Pavlova Z, Teberg AJ, Yonekura ML: Epidemic perinatal listeriosis at autopsy. Hum Pathol 17: 1278-1281, 1986.

177. Klein B, Lewinski UH, Cohen AM, et al: Liver abscess as a late complication of percutaneous liver biopsy. Arch Surg 115: 1233-1234, 1980.

178. McDonald GS, Courtney MG: Operation-associated neutrophils in a percutaneous liver biopsy: effect of prior transjugular procedure. Histopathology 10: 217-222, 1986.

179. McDonald MI, Corey GR, Gallis HA, Durack DT: Single and multiple pyogenic liver abscesses. Natural history, diagnosis and treatment, with emphasis on percutaneous drainage. Medicine 63: 291-302, 1984.

180. Meade RH III: Primary hepatic actinomycosis. Gastroenterology 78: 355-359, 1980.

181. Miedema BW, Dineen P: The diagnosis and treatment of pyogenic liver abscesses. Ann Surg 200: 328-334, 1984.

182. Mir-Madjlessi SH, McHenry MC, Farmer RG: Liver abscess in Crohn's disease. Report of four cases and review of the literature. Gastroenterology 91: 987-993, 1986.

183. Mongiardo N, De Rienzo B, Zanchetta G, et al: Primary hepatic actinomycosis. J Infect 12: 65-69, 1986.

184. Moss TJ, Pysher TJ: Hepatic abscess in neonates. Am J Dis Child 135: 726-728, 1981.

185. Park GR, Drummond GB, Lamb D, et al: Disseminated aspergillosis occurring in patients with respiratory, renal, and hepatic failure. Lancet 2: 179-183, 1982.

186. Piggott JA: Melioidosis. In Binford CH, Connor DH (eds): Pathology of Tropical and Extraordinary Diseases, vol 1. Washington DC, 1976, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. pp 169-174.

187. Piggott JA, Hochholzer L: Human melioidosis. A histopathologic study of acute and chronic melioidosis. Arch Pathol 90: 101-111, 1970.

188. Robert JH, Mirescu D, Ambrosetti P, et al: Critical review of the treatment of pyogenic hepatic abscess. Surg Gynecol Obstret 174: 94-102, 1992.

189. Snover DC, Hutton S, Balfour HH Jr, Bloomer JR: Cytomegalovirus infection of the liver in transplant recipients. J Clin Gastroenterol 9: 659-665, 1987.

190. Vallaeys JH, Praet MM, Roels HJ, et al: The Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by a zygomycete. A new pathogenesis of hepatic vein thrombosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 113: 1171-1174, 1989.

191. Vanstapel MJ, Desmet VJ: Cytomegalovirus hepatitis: A histological and immunohistochemical study. Appl Pathol 1: 41-49, 1983.

192. Vawter GF: Perinatal listeriosis. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 6: 153-166, 1981.

193. Viteri AL, Howard PH, May JL, et al: Hepatic abscess due to Yersinia entercolitica without bacteremia. Gastroenterology 81: 592-593, 1981.

194. Walsh TJ, Hamilton SR: Disseminated aspergillosis complicating hepatic failure. Arch Intern Med 143: 1189-1191, 1983.

195. Young RC: The Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by Aspergillus: Two patients with vascular invasion of hepatic veins. Arch Intern Med 124: 754-757, 1969.

196. Yu VL, Miller WP, Wing EJ, et al: Disseminated listeriosis presenting as acute hepatitis. Case reports and review of hepatic involvement in listeriosis. Am J Med 73: 773-777, 1982.

MISCELLANEOUS INFECTIONS

197. Acosta-Ferreira W, Vercelli-Retta J, Falconi LM: Fasciola hepatica human infection. Histopathological study of sixteen cases. Virchows Arch [A] 383: 319-327, 1979.

198. Adams JS, Walker DH: The liver in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am J Clin Pathol 75: 156-171, 1981.

199. Ayhan A, Gokoz A, Karacadag S, Telatar H: The liver in typhoid fever. Am J Gastroenterol 69: 141-146, 1973.

200. Baird JK, Kassebaum LJ, Ludwig GK: Hepatic granuloma in a man from North America caused by a nymph of Linguatula serrata. Pathology 20: 198-199, 1988.

201. Banks JG, Foulis AK, Ledingham IMcA, MacSween RNM: Liver function in septic shock. J Clin Pathol 35: 1249-1252, 1982.

202. Behrns KE, van Heerden JA: Surgical management of hepatic hydatid disease. Mayo Clin Proc 66: 1193-1197, 1991.

203. Belghiti J, Benhamou J-P, Houry S, et al: Caustic sclerosing cholangitis. A complication of the surgical treatment of hydatid disease of the liver. Arch Surg 121: 1162-1165, 1986.

204. Blair EK, Sedlack RE, Snyder JP, Lawson JM: Unsuspected syphilitic hepatitis in a patient with low-grade proteinuria and abnormal liver function. Mayo Clin Proc 65: 1365-1367, 1990.

205. Brandt H, Pérez Tamayo R: Pathology of human amebiasis. Hum Pathol 1: 351-385, 1970.

206. Brooks SE, Hanchard B, Terry S, Audretsch JJ: Hepatic ultrastructure in secondary syphilis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 103: 451-455, 1979.

207. Calva JJ, Ruiz-Palacios GM: Salmonella hepatitis: Detection of salmonella antigens in the liver of patients with typhoid fever. J Infect Dis 154: 373-374, 1986.

208. Caruana JA Jr, Montes M, Camara DS, et al: Functional and histopathologic changes in the liver during sepsis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 154: 653-656, 1982.

209. Chan CW, Lam SK: Diseases caused by liver flukes and cholangiocarcinoma. Baillière's Clin Gastroenterol 1: 297-318, 1987.

210. Chou S-T, Chang CW: Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis: A necropsy study. Pathology 12: 415-428, 1980.

211. Cohen JI, Bartlett JA, Corey GR: Extra-intestinal manifestations of salmonella infections. Medicine 66: 349-388, 1987.

212. Condomines J, Reñe-Espinet JM, Espinos-Perez JC, Vilardell F: Percutaneous cholangiography in the diagnosis of hepatic fascioliasis. Am J Gastroenterol 80: 384-386, 1985.

213. Connor DH, Neafie RC, Meyers WM: Amebiasis. In Binford CH, Connor DH (eds): Pathology of Tropical and Extraordinary Diseases, vol 1. Washington DC, 1976, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. pp 308-316.

214. de Brito T, Barone AA, Faria RM: Human liver biopsy in P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria. A light and electron microscopy study. Virchows Arch [A] 348: 220-229, 1969.

215. Editorial: Tropical splenomegaly syndrome. Lancet 1: 1058-1059, 1976.

216. Fakunle YM: Tropical splenomegaly. Part 1: Tropical Africa. Clin Haematol 10: 963-975, 1981.

217. Fehér J, Somogyi T, Timmer M, Józsa L: Early syphilitic hepatitis. Lancet 2: 896-899, 1975.

218. Flavell DJ: Liver-fluke infection as an aetiological factor in bile-duct carcinoma of man. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 75: 814-824, 1981.

219. Franson TR, Hierholzer WJ Jr, LaBrecque DR: Frequency and characteristics of hyperbilirubinemia associated with bacteremia. Rev Infect Dis 7: 1-9, 1985.

220. Gardiner CH, Dyke JW, Shirley SF: Hepatic granuloma due to a nymph of Linguatula serrata in a woman from Michigan: A case report and review of the literature. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33: 187-189, 1984.

221. Gillet M, Miguet JP, Mantion G, et al: Orthotopic liver transplantation in alveolar echinococcosis of the liver: Analysis of a series of six patients. Transplant Proc 20 (suppl 1): 573-576, 1988.

222. Goellner MH, Agger WA, Burgess JH, Duray PH: Hepatitis due to recurrent Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 108: 707-708, 1988.

223. Greenstein AJ, Barth J, Dicker A, et al: Amebic liver abscess: A study of 11 cases compared with a series of 38 patients with pyogenic liver abscess. Am J Gastroenterol 80: 472-478, 1985.

224. Honma K, Sasano N, Andoh N, Iwai K: Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis invading pancreas, vertebrae, and spinal cord. Hum Pathol 13: 944-946, 1982.

225. Hollingdale MR: Malaria and the liver. Hepatology 5: 327-335, 1985.

226. Ishak KG, Rogers WA: Cryptogenic acute cholangitis -- association with toxic shock syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 76: 619-626, 1981.

227. Joshi YK, Tandon BN, Acharya SK, et al: Acute hepatic failure due to Plasmodium falciparum liver injury. Liver 6: 357-360, 1986.

228. Joyce MP, Ravdin JI: Pathology of human amebiasis. In Ravdin JI (ed): Amebiasis: Human infection by Entamoeba histolytica. New York, 1988, John Wiley & Sons. pp 129-146.

229. Judge DM, Samuel I, Perine PL, Vukotic D: Louse-borne relapsing fever in man. Arch Pathol 97: 136-140, 1974.

230. Katzenstein D, Rickerson V, Braude A: New concepts of amebic liver abscess derived from hepatic imaging, serodiagnosis, and hepatic enzymes in 67 consecutive cases in San Diego. Medicine 61: 237-246, 1982.

231. Keisler DS Jr, Starke W, Looney DJ, Mark WW Jr: Early syphilis with liver involvement. JAMA 247: 1999-2000, 1982.

232. Khosla SN: Typhoid hepatitis. Postgrad Med J 66: 923-925, 1990.

233. Khosla SN, Singh R, Singh GP, Trehan VK: The spectrum of hepatic injury in enteric fever. Am J Gastroenterology 83: 413-416, 1988.

234. Khuroo MS, Zargar SA: Biliary ascariasis. A common cause of biliary and pancreatic disease in an endemic area. Gastroenterology 88: 418-423, 1985.

235. Khuroo MS, Zargar SA, Mahajan R: Hepatobiliary and pancreatic ascariasis in India. Lancet 335: 1503-1506, 1990.

236. Kurashina M, Kozuka S, Nakasima N, et al: Relationship of intrahepatic bile duct hyperplasia to cholangiocellular carcinoma. Cancer 61: 2469-2474, 1988.

237. Kurathong S, Lerdverasirikul P, Wongpaitoon V, et al: Opisthorchis viverrini infection and cholangiocarcinoma. A prospective, case-controlled study. Gastroenterology 89: 151-156, 1985.

238. Lefkowitch JH: Bile ductular cholestasis: An ominous histopathologic sign related to "cholangitis lenta". Hum Pathol 13: 19-24, 1982.

239. Lin AC, Chapman SW, Turner HR, Wofford JD Jr: Clonorchiasis: An update. South Med J 80: 919-922, 1987.

240. Lloyd DA: Hepatic ascariasis. South Afr J Surg 20: 297-304, 1982.

241. Long WA, Ulshen MH, Lawson EE: Clinical manifestations of congenital syphilitic hepatitis: Implications for pathogenesis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 3: 551-555, 1984.

242. Maltz G, Knauer CM: Amebic liver abscess: A 15-year experience. Am J Gastroenterol 86: 704-710, 1991.

243. Moore GA, Homewood CA, Gilles HM: A comparison of pigment from Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium berghei. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 69: 373-374, 1975.

244. Moskovitz M, Fadden R, Min T: Human ehrlichiosis: A rickettsial disease associated with severe cholestasis and multisystemic disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 13: 86-90, 1991.

245. Murray FE, O'Loughlin S, Dervan P, et al: Granulomatous hepatitis in secondary syphilis. Irish J Med Sci 159: 53-54, 1990.

246. Nasrallah SM, Nassar VH: Enteric fever. A clinicopathologic study of 104 cases. Am J Gastroenterol 69: 63-69, 1978.

247. Ona FV, Dytoc JNT: Clonorchis-associated cholangiocarcinoma: A report of two cases with unusual manifestations. Gastroenterology 101: 831-839, 1991.

248. Oppenheimer EH, Dahms BB: Congenital syphilis in the fetus and neonate. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 6: 115-138, 1981.

249. Pais P: A hepatitis like picture in typhoid fever. Br Med J 289: 225-226, 1984.

250. Parnis R: Gumma of the liver. Br J Surg 62: 236, 1975.

251. Paton A: Sepsis and cholestasis. Br Med J 289: 857, 1984.

252. Pounder DJ: Malarial pigment and hepatic anthracosis. Am J Surg Pathol 7: 501-502, 1983.

253. Ramachandran S, Godfrey JJ, Perera MVF: Typhoid hepatitis. JAMA 230: 236-240, 1974.

254. Romeu J, Rybak B, Dave P, Coven R: Spirochetal vasculitis and bile ductular damage in early hepatic syphilis. Am J Gastroenterol 74: 352-354, 1980.

255. Schaefer JW, Khan MY: Echinococcosis (hydatid disease): Lessons from experience with 59 patients. Rev Infect Dis 13: 243-247, 1991.

256. Schlossberg D: Syphilitic hepatitis: A case report and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol 82: 552-553, 1987.

257. Schwartz DA: Cholangiocarcinoma associated with liver fluke infection: A preventable source of morbidity in Asian immigrants. Am J Gastroenterol 81: 76-79, 1986.

258. Shah MC, Barton LL: Congenital syphilitic hepatitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 8: 891-892, 1989.

259. Shapiro MP, Gale ME: Tertiary syphilis of the liver: CT appearance. J Comput Assist Tomogr 11: 546-547, 1987.

260. Sikuler E, Guetta V, Keynan A, et al: Abnormalities in bilirubin and liver enzyme levels in adult patients with bacteremia. A prospective study. Arch Intern Med 149: 2246-2248, 1989.

261. Sobel HJ, Wolf EH: Liver involvement in early syphilis. Arch Pathol 93: 565-568, 1972.

262. Sparks AK, Connor DH, Neafie RC: Echinococcosis. In Binford CH, Connor DH (eds): Pathology of Tropical and Extraordinary Diseases, vol 2. Washington DC, 1976, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. pp 530-533.

263. Srivatanakul P, Ohshima H, Khlat M, et al: Opisthorchis viverrini infestation and endogenous nitrosamines as risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand. Int J Cancer 48: 821-825, 1991.

264. Sun T: Pathology and immunology of Clonorchis sinensis infection of the liver. Ann Clin Lab Sci 14: 208-215, 1984.

265. Terada T, Nakanuma Y: Pathological observations of intrahepatic peribiliary glands in 1,000 consecutive autopsy livers. II. A possible source of cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 12: 92-97, 1990.

266. Terés J, Gomez-Moll J, Bruguera M, et al: Sclerosing cholangitis after surgical treatment of hepatic echinococcal cysts. Report of three cases. Am J Surg 148: 694-697, 1984.

267. Terry SI, Hanchard B, Brooks SEH, et al: Prevalence of liver abnormality in early syphilis. Br J Vener Dis 60: 83-86, 1984.

268. Tiliakos N, Shamma'a JM, Nasrallah SM: Syphilitic hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 73: 60-61, 1980.

269. Tugwell P, Williams AO: Jaundice associated with lobar pneumonia. A clinical, laboratory and histological study. Q J Med 46: 97-118, 1977.

270. Veeravahu M: Diagnosis of liver involvement in early syphilis. A critical review. Arch Intern Med 145: 132-134, 1985.

271. Venter A, Pettifor JM, Duursma J, et al: Liver function in early congenital syphilis: Does pencillin cause a deterioration? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 12: 310-314, 1991.

272. Vermillion SE, Gregg JA, Baggenstoss AH, Bartholomew LG: Jaundice associated with bacteremia. Arch Intern Med 124: 611-618, 1969.

273. Vyberg M, Poulsen H: Abnormal bile duct epithelium accompanying septicaemia. Virchow Arch [A] 402: 451-458, 1984.

274. Walker DH, Gear JHS: Correlation of the distribution of Rickettsia conorii, microscopic lesions, and clinical features in South African tick bite fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34: 361-371, 1985.

275. Weinstein L: Bacterial hepatitis: A case report on an unrecognized cause of fever of unknown origin. N Engl J Med 299: 1052-1054, 1978.

276. Wong J, Choi TK: Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis. In Okuda K, Nakayama F, Wong J (eds): Intrahepatic Calculi. New York, 1984, Alan R. Liss, Inc. pp. 175-192.

277. Wright DJM, Berry CL: Liver involvement in congenital syphilis. Br J Vener Dis 50: 241, 1974.

278. Zimmerman HJ, Fang M, Utili R, et al: Jaundice due to bacterial infection. Gastroenterology 77: 362-374, 1979.

The Liver in Human Imunodeficiency Virus Infection

279. Agha FP, Nostrant TT, Abrams GD, et al: Cytomegalovirus cholangitis in a homosexual man with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 81: 1068-1072, 1986.

280. Bach N, Theise ND, Schaffner F: Hepatic histopathology in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Sem Liver Dis 12: 205-212, 1992.

281. Caccamo D, Pervez NK, Marchevsky A: Primary lymphoma of the liver in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 101: 876-877, 1986.

282. Cappell MS, Schwartz MS, Biempica L: Clinical utility of liver biopsy in patients with serum antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Med 88: 123-130, 1990.

283. Cello JP: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome cholangiopathy: Spectrum of disease. Am J Med 86: 539-546, 1989.

284. Cello JP: Human immunodeficiency virus-associated biliary tract disease. Sem Liver Dis 12: 213-218, 1992.

285. Czapar CA, Weldon-Linne CM, Moore DM, Rhone DP: Peliosis hepatitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110: 611-613, 1986.

286. Dowsett JF, Miller R, Davidson R, et al: Sclerosing cholangitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Case reports and review of the literature. Scand J Gastroenterol 23: 1267-1274, 1988.

287. Duffy LF, Daum F, Kahn E, et al: Hepatitis in children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Histopathologic and immunocytologic features. Gastroenterology 90: 173-181, 1986.

288. Glasgow BJ, Anders K, Layfield LJ, et al: Clinical and pathologic findings of the liver in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 83: 582-588, 1985.

289. Goldin RD, Fish DE, Hay A, et al: Histological and immunohistochemical study of hepatitis B virus in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Clin Pathol 43: 203-205, 1990.

290. Gordon SC, Reddy KR, Gould EE, et al: The spectrum of liver disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Hepatol 2: 475-484, 1986.

291. Horsburgh CR Jr: Mycobacterium avium complex infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 324: 1332-1338, 1991.

292. Housset C, Boucher O, Girard PM, et al: Immunohistochemical evidence for human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection of liver Kupffer cells. Hum Pathol 21: 404-408, 1990.

293. Huang CT, McGarry T, Cooper S, et al: Disseminated histoplasmosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Report of five cases from a nonendemic area. Arch Intern Med 147: 1181-1184, 1987.

294. Kahn SA, Saltzman BR, Klein RS, et al: Hepatic disorders in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: A clinical and pathological study. Am J Gastroenterol 81: 1145-1148, 1986.

295. Kemper CA, Lombard CM, Deresinski SC, Tompkins LS: Visceral bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis: Possible manifestations of disseminated cat scratch disease in the immunocompromised host: A report of two cases. Am J Med 89: 216-222, 1990.

296. Klatt EC, Jensen DF, Meyer PR: Pathology of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 18: 709-714, 1987.

297. Klatt EC, Shibata D: Cytomegalovirus infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clinical and autopsy findings. Arch Pathol Lab Med 112: 540-544, 1988.

298. Krilov LR, Rubin LG, Frogel M, et al: Disseminated adenovirus infection with hepatic necrosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and other immunodeficiency states. Rev Infect Dis 12: 303-307, 1990.

299. Lafon M-E, Kirn A: Human immunodeficiency virus infection of the liver. Sem Liver Dis 12: 197-204, 1992.

300. Lebovics E, Dworkin BM, Heier SK, Rosenthal WS: The hepatobiliary manifestations of human immunodeficiency infection. Am J Gastroenterol 83: 1-7, 1988.

301. Lebovics E, Thung SN, Schaffner F, Radensky PW: The liver in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A clinical and histologic study. Hepatology 5: 293-298, 1985.

302. Margulis SJ, Honig CL, Soave R, et al: Biliary tract obstruction in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 105: 207-210, 1986.

303. Martin P, Di Bisceglie AM, Kassianides C, et al: Rapidly progressive non-A, non-B hepatitis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Gastroenterology 97: 1559-1561, 1989.

304. McNair ANB, Main J, Thomas HC: Interactions of the human immunodeficiency virus and the hepatotrophic viruses. Sem Liver Dis 12: 188-196, 1992.

305. Nakanuma Y, Liew CT, Peters RL, Govindarajan S: Pathologic features of the liver in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Liver 6: 158-166, 1986.

306. Orenstein MS, Tavitian A, Yonk B, et al: Granulomatous involvement of the liver in patients with AIDS. Gut 26: 1220-1225, 1985.

307. Palmer M, Braly LF, Schaffner F: The liver in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Sem Liver Dis 7: 192-202, 1987.

308. Perkocha LA, Geaghan SM, Yen TSB, et al: Clinical and pathological features of bacillary peliosis hepatis in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 323: 1581-1586, 1990.

309. Poblete RB, Rodriguez K, Foust RT, et al: Pneumocystis carinii hepatitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med 110: 737-738, 1989.

310. Schaffner F: The liver in HIV infection. Prog Liver Dis 9: 505-522, 1990.

311. Schneiderman DJ: Hepatobiliary abnormalities of AIDS. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 17: 615-630, 1988.

312. Schneiderman DJ, Arenson DM, Cello JP, et al: Hepatic disease in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Hepatology 7: 925-930, 1987.

313. Scoazec JY, Marche C, Girard PM, et al: Peliosis hepatis and sinusoidal dilatation during infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). An ultrastructural study. Am J Pathol 131: 38-47, 1988.

314. Terada S, Reddy KR, Jeffers LJ, et al: Microsporidan hepatitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 107: 61-62, 1987.

315. Thung SN, Gerber MA, Benkov KJ, et al: Chronic active hepatitis in a child with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Pathol Lab Med 112: 914-916, 1988.

316. Viteri AL, Greene JF Jr: Bile duct abnormalities in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Gastroenterology 92: 2014-2018, 1987.

317. Welch DF, Pickett DA, Slater LN, et al: Rochalimaea henselae sp. nov., a cause of septicemia, bacillary angiomatosis, and parenchymal bacillary peliosis. J Clin Microbiol 30: 275-280, 1992.

318. Wheat LJ, Connolly-Stringfield PA, Baker RL, et al: Disseminated histoplasmosis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment, and review of the literature. Medicine 69: 361-374, 1990.

319. Wilkins MJ, Lindley R, Dourakis SP, Goldin RD: Surgical pathology of the liver in HIV infection. Histopathology 18: 459-464, 1991.

320. Witzleben CL, Marshall GS, Wenner W, et al: HIV as a cause of giant cell hepatitis. Hum Pathol 19: 603-605, 1988.