CHAPTER 5

REFERENCES

ACUTE CHOLANGITIS

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2. Boey JH, Way LW: Acute cholangitis. Ann Surg 191: 264-270, 1980.

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4. Caroli J: Diseases of the intrahepatic biliary tree. Clin Gastroenterol 2: 147-161, 1973.

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6. Chen MF, Jan YY, Wang CS, et al: Intrahepatic stones associated with cholangiocarcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 84: 391-395, 1989.

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8. Csendes A, Sepulveda A, Burdiles P, et al: Common bile duct pressure in patients with common bile duct stones with or without acute suppurative cholangitis. Arch Surg 123: 697-699, 1988.

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11. Gigot JF, Leese T, Dereme T, et al: Acute cholangitis. Multivariate analysis of risk factors. Ann Surg 209: 435-438, 1989.

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13. Koga A, Ichimiya H, Yamaguchi K, et al: Hepatolithiasis associated with cholangiocarcinoma: Possible etiologic significance. Cancer 55: 2826-2829, 1985.

14. Lam SK, Wong KP, Chan PKW, et al: Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis: A study by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. Gastroenterology 74: 1196-1203, 1978.

15. Larrey D, Hadengue A, Pressayre D, et al: Carbamazepine-induced acute cholangitis. Dig Dis Sci 32: 554-557, 1987.

16. Lerche A, Vyberg M, Kirkegaard E: Acute cholangitis and pancreatitis associated with sulindac (clinoril). Histopathology 11: 647-653, 1987.

17. Myers JL, Augur NA Jr: Hydralazine-induced cholangitis. Gastroenterology 87: 1185-1188, 1984.

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19. Nakanuma Y, Yamaguchi K, Ohta G, et al: Pathologic features of hepatolithiasis in Japan. Hum Pathol 19: 1181-1186, 1988.

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21. Nakayama F, Soloway RD, Nakama T, et al: Hepatolithiaisis in east Asia. Retrospective study. Dig Dis Sci 31: 21-26, 1986.

22. O'Connor MJ, Schwartz ML, McQuarrie DG, Sumner HW: Acute bacterial cholangitis. An analysis of clinical manifestation. Arch Surg 117: 437-441, 1982.

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24. O'Connor MJ, Sumner HW, Schwartz ML: The clinical and pathologic correlations in mechanical biliary obstruction and acute cholangitis. Ann Surg 195: 419-423, 1982.

25. Ohta G, Nakanuma Y, Terada T: Pathology of hepatolithiasis: Cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma. In Okuda K, Nakayama F, Wong J (eds): Intrahepatic Calculi. New York, 1984, Alan R. Liss, Inc. pp. 91-113.

26. Ovnat A, Peiser J, Avinoah E, et al: Acute cholangitis caused by ruptured hydatid cyst. Surgery 95: 497-500, 1984.

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29. Rubel LR, Ishak KG: The liver in fatal exertional heatstroke. Liver 3: 249-260, 1983.

30. Saing H, Tam PKH, Choi TK, Wong J: Childhood recurrent pyogenic cholangitis. J Pediatr Surg 23: 424-429, 1988.

31. Saito K, Terada T, Nakanuma Y: Peripheral hepatolithiasis incidentally found at autopsy. A morphological study. Virchows Arch [A] 414: 53-59, 1988.

32. Seel DJ, Park YK: Oriental infestational cholangitis. Am J Surg 146: 366-370, 1983.

33. Shimada H, Nihmoto S, Matsuba A, Nakagawara G: Acute cholangitis: A histopathologic study. J Clin Gastroenterol 10: 197-200, 1988.

34. Sung JY, Shaffer EA, Olson ME, et al: Bacterial invasion of the biliary system by way of the portal-venous system. Hepatology 14: 313-317, 1991.

35. Swank LA, Chejfec G, Nemchausky BA: Allopurinol-induced granulomatous hepatitis with cholangitis and a sarcoid-like reaction. Arch Intern Med 138: 997-998, 1978.

36. Thompson JE Jr, Tompkins RK, Longmire WP Jr: Factors in management of acute cholangitis. Ann Surg 195: 137-145, 1982.

37. Wong J, Choi TK: Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis. In Okuda K, Nakayama F, Wong J (eds): Intrahepatic Calculi. New York, 1984, Alan R. Liss, Inc. pp. 175-192.

38. Zelman S: Liver cell necrosis in chlorpromazine jaundice (allergic cholangiolitis). A serial study of twenty-six needle biopsy specimens in nine patients. Am J Med 27: 708-729, 1959.

PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS

39. Baggenstoss AH, Foulk WT, Butt HR, Bahn RC: The pathology of primary biliary cirrhosis with emphasis on histogenesis. Am J Clin Pathol 42: 259-276, 1964.

40. Balasubramaniam K, Grambsch PM, Wiesner RH, et al: Diminished survival in asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis. A prospective study. Gastroenterology 98: 1567-1571, 1990.

41. Ballardini G, Mirakian R, Bianchi FB, et al: Aberrant expression of HLA-DR antigens on bile duct epithelium in primary biliary cirrhosis: relevance to pathogenesis. Lancet 2: 1009-1013, 1984.

42. Baptista A, Bianchi L, deGroote J, et al: The diagnostic significance of periportal hepatic necrosis and inflammation. Histopathology 12: 569-579, 1988.

43. Baum H: Nature of the mitochondrial antigens of primary biliary cirrhosis and their possible relationships to the etiology of the disease. Semin Liver Dis 9: 117-123, 1989.

44. Bernuau D, Feldmann G, Degott C, Gisselbrecht C: Ultrastructural lesions of bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis. A comparison with the lesions observed in graft-versus-host disease. Hum Pathol 12: 782-793, 1981.

45. Beswick DR, Klatskin G, Boyer JL: Asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis. A progress report on long-term follow-up and natural history. Gastroenterology 89: 267-271, 1985.

46. Christensen E, Crowe J, Doniach D, et al: Clinical pattern and course of disease in primary biliary cirrhosis based on an analysis of 236 patients. Gastroenterology 78: 236-246, 1980.

47. Christensen E, Neuberger J, Crowe J, et al: Beneficial effect of azathioprine and prediction of prognosis in primary biliary cirrhosis. Final results of an international trial. Gastroenterology 89: 1084-1091, 1985.

48. Culp KS, Fleming CR, Duffy J, et al: Autoimmune association in primary biliary cirrhosis. Mayo Clin Proc 57: 365-370, 1982.

49. Demetris AJ, Markus BH, Esquivel C, et al: Pathologic analysis of liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 8: 939-947, 1988.

50. Dickson ER, Grambsch PM, Fleming TR, et al: Prognosis in primary biliary cirrhosis: model for decision making. Hepatology 10: 1-7, 1989.

51. Epstein O, Thomas HC, Sherlock S: Primary biliary cirrhosis is a dry gland syndrome with features of chronic graft-versus-host disease. Lancet 1: 1166-1168, 1980.

52. Fagan EA, Moore-Gillon JC, Turner-Warwick M: Multiorgan granulomas and antimitochondrial antibodies. N Engl J Med 308: 572-575, 1983.

53. Gershwin ME, Mackay IR: Primary biliary cirrhosis: paradigm or paradox for autoimmunity. Gastroenterology 100: 822-833, 1991.

54. Gores GJ, Moore SB, Fisher LD, et al: Primary biliary cirrhosis: Associations with class II major histocompatibility complex antigens. Hepatology 7: 889-892, 1987.

55. Goudie BM, Burt AD, Macfarlane GJ, et al: Risk factors and prognosis in primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 84: 713-716, 1989.

56. Guarascio P, Yentis F, Cevikbas U, et al: Value of copper-associated protein in diagnostic assessment of liver biopsy. J Clin Pathol 36: 18-23, 1983.

57. Heseltine L, Turner IB, Fussey SPM, et al: Primary biliary cirrhosis. Quantitation of autoantibodies to purified mitochondrial enzymes and correlation with disease progression. Gastroenterology 99: 1786-1792, 1990.

58. James O, Macklon AF, Watson AJ: Primary biliary cirrhosis -- a revised clinical spectrum. Lancet 1: 1278-1281, 1981.

59. James OF, Myszor M: Epidemiology and genetics of primary biliary cirrhosis. Prog Liver Dis 9: 523-536, 1990.

60. James OF, Yeaman SJ, Bassendine MF: Molecular aspects of the M2 autoantigens in primary biliary cirrhosis: What a difference a year makes. Hepatology 10: 247-251, 1989.

61. James SP, Hoofnagle JH, Strober W, Jones EA: Primary biliary cirrhosis: a model autoimmune disease. Ann Intern Med 99: 500-512, 1983.

62. Kapelman B, Schaffner F: The natural history of primary biliary cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 1: 273-281, 1981.

63. Kaplan MM: Primary biliary cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 316: 521-528, 1987.

64. Klöppel G, Kirchhof M, Berg PA: Natural course of primary biliary cirrhosis. I. A morphological, clinical and serological analysis of 103 cases. Liver 2: 141-151, 1982.

65. Klöppel G, Seifert G, Lindner H, et al: Histopathologic features in mixed types of chronic aggressive hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Virchows Arch [A] 373: 143-160, 1977.

66. Lee RG, Epstein O, Jauregui H, et al: Granulomas in primary biliary cirrhosis: A prognostic feature. Gastroenterology 81: 983-986, 1981.

67. Long RG, Scheuer PJ, Sherlock S: Presentation and course of asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 72: 1204-1207, 1977.

68. Lucey MR, Neuberger JM, Williams R: Primary biliary cirrhosis in men. Gut 27: 1373-1376, 1986.

69. Ludwig J: New concepts in biliary cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 7: 293-301, 1987.

70. Ludwig J, Czaja AJ, Dickson ER, et al: Manifestations of nonsuppurative cholangitis in chronic hepatobiliary diseases: morphologic spectrum, clinical correlations and terminology. Liver 4: 105-116, 1984.

71. Ludwig J, Dickson ER, McDonald GSA: Staging of chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis (syndrome of primary biliary cirrhosis). Virchows Arch [A] 379: 103-112, 1978.

72. Mackay IR, Gershwin ME: Primary biliary cirrhosis: Considerations on pathogenesis based on identification of the M2 autoantigens. Springer Semin Immunopathol 12: 101-119, 1990.

73. MacSween RN, Sumithran E: Histopathology of primary biliary cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 1: 282-292, 1981.

74. Markus BH, Dickson ER, Grambsch PM, et al: Efficacy of liver transplantation in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 320: 1709-1713, 1989.

75. Melia WM, Johnson PJ, Neuberger J, et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma in primary biliary cirrhosis: Detection by α-fetoprotein estimation. Gastroenterology 87: 660-663, 1984.

76. Mitchison HC, Bassendine MF, Hendrick A, et al: Positive antimitochondrial antibody but normal alkaline phosphatase: Is this primary biliary cirrhosis? Hepatology 6: 1279-1284, 1986.

77. Mitchison HC, Lucey MR, Kelly PJ, et al: Symptom development and prognosis in primary biliary cirrhosis: A study in two centers. Gastroenterology 99: 778-784, 1990.

78. Nakanuma Y, Hoso M, Mizuno Y, Unoura M: Pathologic study of primary biliary cirrhosis of early histologic stages presenting cholestatic jaundice. Liver 8: 319-324, 1988.

79. Nakanuma Y, Miyamura H, Ohta G, et al: Correlation between disappearance of the intrahepatic bile ducts and histologic changes in the liver in primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 76: 506-510, 1981.

80. Nakanuma Y, Ohta G: Histometric and serial section observations of the intrahepatic bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 76: 1326-1332, 1979.

81. Nakanuma Y, Ohta G: Nodular hyperplasia of the liver in primary biliary cirrhosis of early histological stages. Am J Gastroenterol 82: 8-10, 1987.

82. Nakanuma Y, Ohta G: Quantitation of hepatic granulomas and epithelioid cells in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 3: 423-427, 1983.

83. Nakanuma Y, Ohta G, Kobayashi K, Kato Y: Histological and histometric examination of the intrahepatic portal vein branches in primary biliary cirrhosis without regenerative nodules. Am J Gastroenterol 77: 405-413, 1982.

84. Nakanuma Y, Ohta G, Kono N, et al: Electron microscopic observation of destruction of biliary epithelium in primary biliary cirrhosis. Liver 3: 238-248, 1983.

85. Nakanuma Y, Terada T, Doishita K, Miwa A: Hepatocellular carcinoma in primary biliary cirrhosis: An autopsy study. Hepatology 11: 1010-1016, 1990.

86. Neuberger J, Altman DG, Christensen E, et al: Use of a prognostic index in evaluation of liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis. Transplantation 41: 713-716, 1986.

87. Neuberger J, Portmann B, Macdougall BRD, et al: Recurrence of primary biliary cirrhosis after liver transplantation. N Engl J Med 306: 1-4, 1982.

88. Nyberg A, Lööf L: Primary biliary cirrhosis: Clinical features and outcome, with special reference to asymptomatic disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 24: 57-64, 1989.

89. Peters RL: Primary biliary cirrhosis (editorial). Gastroenterology 88: 1998-2000, 1985.

90. Polson RJ, Portmann B, Neuberger J, et al: Evidence for disease recurrence after liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis. Clinical and histologic follow-up studies. Gastroenterology 97: 715-725, 1989.

91. Popper H: The problem of histologic evaluation of primary biliary cirrhosis. Virchow Arch [A] 379: 99-102, 1978.

92. Portmann B, Popper H, Neuberger J, Williams R: Sequential and diagnostic features in primary biliary cirrhosis based on serial histologic study in 209 patients. Gastroenterology 88: 1777-1790, 1985.

93. Poupon RE, Balkau B, Eschwège E, et al: A multicenter, controlled trial of ursodiol for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 324: 1548-1554, 1991.

94. Roll J, Boyer JL, Barry D, Klatskin G: The prognostic importance of clinical and histologic features in asymptomatic and symptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 308: 1-7, 1983.

95. Rubel LR, Rabin L, Seeff LB, et al: Does primary biliary cirrhosis in men differ from primary biliary cirrhosis in women? Hepatology 4: 671-677, 1984.

96. Rubel LR, Seeff LB, Patel V: Primary biliary cirrhosis - primary sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome (letter). Arch Pathol Lab Med 108: 360-361, 1984.

97. Rubin E, Schaffner F, Popper H: Primary biliary cirrhosis. Chronic non-suppurative destructive cholangitis. Am J Pathol 46: 387-407, 1965.

98. Scheuer PJ: Primary biliary cirrhosis. Proc R Soc Med 60: 1257-1260, 1967.

99. Scheuer PJ: Primary biliary cirrhosis: diagnosis, pathology and pathogenesis. Postgrad Med J 59 (suppl 4): 106-115, 1983.

100. Shapiro JM, Smith H, Schaffner F: Serum bilirubin: A prognostic factor in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gut 20: 137-140, 1979.

101. Sherlock S: The syndrome of disappearing intrahepatic bile ducts. Lancet 2: 493-496, 1987.

102. Sherlock S, Scheuer PJ: The presentation and diagnosis of 100 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. New Engl J Med 289: 674-678, 1973.

103. Shimizu M, Yuh K, Aoyama S, et al: Immunohistochemical characterization of inflammatory infiltrates at the site of bile duct injury in primary biliary cirrhosis. Liver 6: 1-6, 1986.

104. Spengler U, Pape GR, Hoffmann RM, et al: Differential expression of MHC class II subregion products on bile duct epithelial cells and hepatocytes in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 8: 459-462, 1988.

105. Sumithran E, Looi LM: Copper-binding protein in liver cells. Hum Pathol 16: 677-682, 1985.

106. Van de Water J, Cooper A, Surh CD, et al: Detection of autoantibodies to recombinant mitochondrial proteins in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 320: 1377-1380, 1989.

107. Van den Oord JJ, Sciot R, Desmet VJ: Expression of MHC products by normal and abnormal bile duct epithelium. J Hepatol 3: 310-317, 1986.

108. Wiesner RH, Grambsch PM, Lindor KD, et al: Clinical and statistical analyses of new and evolving therapies for primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 8: 668-676, 1988.

109. Wiesner RH, LaRusso NF, Ludwig J, Dickson ER: Comparison of the clinicopathologic features of primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 88: 108-114, 1985.

110. Williamson JM, Chalmers DM, Clayden AD, et al: Primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis: an examination of clinical, biochemical, and histopathological features in differential diagnosis. J Clin Pathol 38: 1007-1012, 1985.

111. Yamada G, Hyodo I, Tobe K, et al: Ultrastructural immunocytochemical analysis of lymphocytes infiltrating bile duct epithelia in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 6: 385-391, 1986.

112. Yamada S, Howe S, Scheuer PJ: Three-dimensional reconstruction of biliary pathways in primary biliary cirrhosis: A computer-assisted study. J Pathol 152: 317-323, 1987.

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

113. Aadland E, Schrumpf E, Fausa O, et al: Primary sclerosing cholangitis: A long-term follow-up study. Scand J Gastroenterol 22: 655-664, 1987.

114. Amedee-Manesme O, Bernard O, Brunelle F, et al: Sclerosing cholangitis with neonatal onset. J Pediatr 111: 225-229, 1987.

115. Balasubramaniam K, Wiesner RH, LaRusso NF: Primary sclerosing cholangitis with normal serum alkaline phosphatase activity. Gastroenterology 95: 1395-1398, 1988.

116. Barbatis C, Grases P, Shepherd HA, et al: Histologic features of sclerosing cholangitis in patients with chronic ulcerative colitis. J Clin Pathol 38: 778-783, 1985.

117. Bhathal PS, Powell LW: Primary intrahepatic obliterating cholangitis: a possible variant of 'sclerosing cholangitis'. Gut 10: 886-893, 1969.

118. Blackstone MO, Nemchausky BA: Cholangiographic abnormalities in ulcerative colitis associated pericholangitis which resemble sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Dig Dis 23: 579-585, 1978.

119. Broomé U, Glaumann H, Hultcrantz R: Liver histology and follow up of 68 patients with ulcerative colitis and normal liver function tests. Gut 31: 468-472, 1990.

120. Broomé U, Glaumann H, Hultcrantz R, Forsum U: Distribution of HLA-DR, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ antigens in liver tissue from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 25: 54-58, 1990.

121. Cameron JL, Gayler BW, Sanfrey H, et al: Sclerosing cholangitis. Anatomical distribution of obstructive lesions. Ann Surg 200: 54-60, 1984.

122. Cangemi JR, Wiesner RH, Beaver SJ, et al: Effect of proctocolectomy for chronic ulcerative colitis on the natural history of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology 96: 790-794, 1989.

123. Chapman RW: The immunology of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Springer Semin Immunopathol 12: 121-128, 1990.

124. Chapman RW: Primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol 1: 179-186, 1985.

125. Chapman RW, Arborgh BÅM, Rhodes JM, et al: Primary sclerosing cholangitis: a review of its clinical features, cholangiography, and hepatic histology. Gut 21: 870-877, 1980.

126. Chapman RW, Kelly PMA, Heryet A, et al: Expression of HLA-DR antigens on bile duct epithelium in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 29: 422-427, 1988.

127. Christophi C, Hughes ER: Hepatobiliary disorders in inflammatory bowel disease. Surg Gynecol Obstet 160: 187-193, 1985.

128. Classen M, Götze H, Richter H-J, Bender S: Primary sclerosing cholangitis in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 6: 197-202, 1987.

129. Cotton PB, Nickl N: Endoscopic and radiologic approaches to therapy in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Semin Liver Dis 11: 40-48, 1991.

130. Desmet VJ, Geboes K: Liver lesions in inflammatory bowel disorders. J Pathol 151: 247-255, 1987.

131. Duerr RH, Targan SR, Landers CJ, et al: Neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies: A link between primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 100: 1385-1391, 1991.

132. El-Shabrawi M, Wilkinson ML, Portmann B, et al: Primary sclerosing cholangitis in childhood. Gastroenterology 92: 1226-1235, 1987.

133. Farrant JM, Hayllar KM, Wilkinson ML, et al: Natural history and prognostic variables in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology 100: 1710-1717, 1991.

134. Fausa O, Schrumpf E, Elgjo K: Relationship of inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Semin Liver Dis 11: 31-39, 1991.

135. Harrison RF, Hubscher SG: The spectrum of bile duct lesions in end-stage primary sclerosing cholangitis. Histopathology 19: 321-327, 1991.

136. Haworth AC, Manley PN, Groll A, Pace R: Bile duct carcinoma and biliary tract dysplasia in chronic ulcerative colitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 113: 434-436, 1989.

137. Helzberg JH, Petersen JM, Boyer JL: Improved survival with primary sclerosing cholangitis. A review of clinicopathologic features and comparison of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Gastroenterology 92: 1869-1875, 1987.

138. Jeffrey GP, Reed WD, Carrello S, Shilkin KB: Histological and immunohistochemical study of the gallbladder lesion in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 32: 424-429, 1991.

139. Kaplan MM: Medical approaches to primary sclerosing cholangitis. Semin Liver Dis 11: 56-63, 1991.

140. Kawaguchi K, Koike M, Tsuruta K, et al: Lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis with cholangitis: A variant of primary sclerosing cholangitis extensively involving pancreas. Hum Pathol 22: 387-395, 1991.

141. Keeffe EB: Diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis in a blood donor with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase. Gastroenterology 96: 1358-1359, 1989.

142. Langnas AN, Grazi GL, Stratta RJ, et al: Primary sclerosing cholangitis: The emerging role for liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol 85: 1136-1141, 1990.

143. LaRusso NF, Wiesner RH, Ludwig J, MacCarty RL: Primary sclerosing cholangitis. N Engl J Med 310: 899-903, 1984.

144. Lebovics E, Palmer M, Woo J, Schaffner F: Outcome of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Analysis of long-term observation of 38 patients. Arch Intern Med 147: 729-731, 1987.

145. Lefkowitch JH, Martin EC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Prog Liver Dis 8: 557-580, 1986.

146. Lillemoe KD, Pitt HA, Cameron JL: Sclerosing cholangitis. Adv Surg 21: 65-92, 1988.

147. Lindor KD, Wiesner RH, LaRusso NF, et al: Enhanced autoreactivity of T-lymphocytes in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 7: 884-888, 1987.

148. Lindor KD, Wiesner RH, MacCarty RL, et al: Advances in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Med 89: 73-80, 1990.

149. Ludwig J: Small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis. Semin Liver Dis 11: 11-17, 1991.

150. Ludwig J: Surgical pathology of the syndrome of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Surg Pathol 13(suppl 1): 43-49, 1989.

151. Ludwig J, Barham SS, LaRusso NF, et al: Morphologic features of chronic hepatitis associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis and chronic ulcerative colitis. Hepatology 1: 632-640, 1981.

152. Ludwig J, LaRusso NF, Wiesner RH: Primary sclerosing cholangitis. In Peters RL, Craig JR (eds): Liver Pathology. Contemporary issues in surgical pathology, vol 8. New York, 1986, Churchill Livingstone. pp 193-213.

153. Ludwig J, LaRusso NF, Wiesner RH: The syndrome of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Prog Liver Dis 9: 55-566, 1990.

154. Ludwig J, MacCarty RL, LaRusso NF, et al: Intrahepatic cholangiectases and large-duct obliteration in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 6: 560-568, 1986.

155. MacCarty RL, LaRusso NF, Wiesner RH, Ludwig J: Primary sclerosing cholangitis: Findings on cholangiography and pancreatography. Radiology 149: 39-44, 1983.

156. MacSween RN, Burt AD, Haboubi NY: Unusual variant of primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Clin Pathol 40: 541-545, 1987.

157. Marsh JW Jr, Iwatsuki S, Makowka L, et al: Orthotopic liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Ann Surg 213: 21-25, 1988.

158. Martin FM, Rossi RL, Nugent FW, et al: Surgical aspects of sclerosing cholangitis. Results in 178 patients. Ann Surg 212: 551-556, 1990.

159. Mir-Madjlessi SH, Farmer RG, Sivak MV Jr: Bile duct carcinoma in patients with ulcerative colitis. Relationship to sclerosing cholangitis: Report of six cases and review of the literature. Dig Dis Sci 32: 145-154, 1987.

160. Mistilis SP: Pericholangitis and ulcerative colitis. I. Pathology, etiology, and pathogenesis. Ann Intern Med 63: 1-16, 1965.

161. Nakajima T, Kondo Y: Well-differentiated cholangiocarcinoma: Diagnostic signficance of morphologic and immunohistochemical parameters. Am J Surg Pathol 13: 569-573, 1989.

162. Nakanuma Y, Hirai N, Kono N, Ohta G: Histological and ultrastructural examination of the intrahepatic biliary tree in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Liver 6: 317-325, 1986.

163. Olsson R, Danielsson Å, Järnerot G, et al: Prevalence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 100: 1319-1323, 1991.

164. Porayko MK, LaRusso NF, Wiesner RH: Primary sclerosing cholangitis: A progressive disease? Semin Liver Dis 11: 18-25, 1991.

165. Porayko MK, Wiesner RH, LaRusso NF, et al: Patients with asymptomatic primary sclerosing cholangitis frequently have progressive disease. Gastroenterology 98: 1594-1602, 1990.

166. Prochazka EJ, Terasaki PI, Park MS, et al: Association of primary sclerosing cholangitis with HLA-DRw52a. N Engl J Med 322: 1842-1844, 1990.

167. Qualman SJ, Haupt HM, Bauer TW, Taxy JB: Adenocarcinoma of the hepatic duct junction. A reappraisal of the histologic criteria of malignancy. Cancer 53: 1545-1551, 1984.

168. Quigley EM, LaRusso NF, Ludwig J, et al: Familial occurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 85: 1160-1165, 1983.

169. Rabinovitz M, Gavaler JS, Schade RR, et al: Does primary sclerosing cholangitis occurring in association with inflammatory bowel disease differ from that occurring in the absence of inflammatory bowel disease? A study of sixty-six subjects. Hepatology 11: 7-11, 1990.

170. Rosen CB, Nagorney DM: Cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis. Semin Liver Dis 11: 26-30, 1991.

171. Rosen CB, Nagorney DM, Wiesner RH, et al: Cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis. Ann Surg 213: 21-25, 1991.

172. Schrumpf E, Fausa O, Aadland E: Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 22: 641-643, 1987.

173. Schrumpf E, Fausa O, Elgjo K, Kolmannskog F: Hepatobiliary complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Semin Liver Dis 8: 201-209, 1988.

174. Shepherd HA, Selby WS, Chapman RWG, et al: Ulcerative colitis and persistent liver dysfunction. Quart J Med 52: 503-513, 1983.

175. Sisto A, Feldman P, Garel L, et al: Primary sclerosing cholangitis in children: Study of five cases and review of the literature. Pediatrics 80: 918-923, 1987.

176. Stieber AC, Marino IR, Iwatsuki S, Starzl TE: Cholangiocarcinoma in sclerosing cholangitis. The role of liver transplantation. Int Surg 74: 1-3, 1989.

177. Thorpe ME, Scheuer PJ, Sherlock S: Primary sclerosing cholangitis, the biliary tree, and ulcerative colitis. Gut 8: 435-448, 1967.

178. Tuthill RJ, Carey WD: Intrahepatic small duct sclerosing cholangitis (abstract). Hepatology 6: 1192, 1986.

179. Warren GH, Kern F Jr: The biliary tract in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol 12: 255-268, 1983.

180. Wee A, Ludwig J: Pericholangitis in chronic ulcerative colitis: Primary sclerosing cholangitis of the small bile ducts? Ann Intern Med 102: 581-587, 1985.

181. Wee A, Ludwig J, Coffey RJ Jr, et al: Hepatobiliary carcinoma associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis and chronic ulcerative colitis. Hum Pathol 16: 719-726, 1985.

182. Wiesner RH, Grambsch PM, Dickson ER, et al: Primary sclerosing cholangitis: Natural history, prognostic factors and survival analysis. Hepatology 10: 430-436, 1989.

183. Wiesner RH, LaRusso NF: Clinicopathologic features of the syndrome of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology 79: 200-206, 1980.

Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis

184. Agha FP, Nostrant TT, Abrams GD, et al: Cytomegalovirus cholangitis in a homosexual man with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 81: 1068-1072, 1986.

185. Bass NM, Chapman RW, O'Reilly A, Sherlock S: Primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Gastroenterology 85: 420-424, 1983.

186. Belghiti J, Benhamou J-P, Houry S, et al: Caustic sclerosing cholangitis. A complication of the surgical treatment of hydatid disease of the liver. Arch Surg 121: 1162-1165, 1986.

187. Bilton D, Fox R, Webb AK, et al: Pathology of common bile duct stenosis in cystic fibrosis. Gut 31: 236-238, 1990.

188. Cello JP: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome cholangiopathy: Spectrum of disease. Am J Med 86: 539-546, 1989.

189. Davis JJ, Heyman MB, Ferrell L, et al: Sclerosing cholangitis associated with chronic cryptosporidiosis in a child with a congenital immunodeficiency disorder. Am J Gastroenterol 82: 1196-1202, 1987.

190. DiPalma JA, Strobel CT, Farrow JG: Primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with hyperimmunoglobulin M immunodeficiency (dysgammaglobulinemia). Gastroenterology 91: 464-468, 1986.

191. Doria MI Jr, Shepard KV, Levin B, Riddell RH: Liver pathology following hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. Hepatic toxicity with FUDR. Cancer 58: 855-861, 1986.

192. Dowsett JF, Miller R, Davidson R, et al: Sclerosing cholangitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Case reports and review of the literature. Scand J Gastroenterol 23: 1267-1274, 1988.

193. Gaskin KJ, Waters DLM, Howman-Giles R, et al: Liver disease and common-bile-duct stenosis in cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 318: 340-346, 1988.

194. Gremse DA, Bucuvalas JC, Bongiovanni GL: Papillary stenosis and sclerosing cholangitis in an immunodeficient child. Gastroenterology 96: 1600-1603, 1989.

195. Hohn D, Melnick J, Stagg R, et al: Biliary sclerosis in patients receiving hepatic arterial infusions of floxuridine. J Clin Oncol 3: 98-102, 1985.

196. Kemeny MM, Battifora H, Blayney DW, et al: Sclerosing cholangitis after continuous hepatic artery infusion of FUDR. Ann Surg 202: 176-181, 1985.

197. LeBlanc A, Hadchouel M, Jehan P, et al: Obstructive jaundice in children with histiocytosis X. Gastroenterology 80: 134-139, 1981.

198. Ludwig J, Kim CH, Wiesner RH, Krom RAF: Floxuridine-induced sclerosing cholangitis: An ischemic cholangiopathy? Hepatology 9: 215-218, 1989.

199. Margulis SJ, Honig CL, Soave R, et al: Biliary tract obstruction in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 105: 207-210, 1986.

200. Naveh Y, Mendelsohn H, Spira G, et al: Primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with immunodeficiency. Am J Dis Child 137: 114-117, 1983.

201. Record CO, Eddleston ALWF, Shilkin KB, Williams R: Intrahepatic sclerosing cholangitis associated with a familial immunodeficiency syndrome. Lancet 2: 18-20, 1973.

202. Strandvik B, Hjelte L, Gabrielsson N, Glaumann H: Sclerosing cholangitis in cystic fibrosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 23 (suppl 143): 121-124, 1988.

203. Terés J, Gomez-Moll J, Bruguera M, et al: Sclerosing cholangitis after surgical treatment of hepatic echinococcal cyst. Report of three cases. Am J Surg 148: 694-697, 1984.

204. Thompson HH, Pitt HA, Lewin KJ, Longmire WP Jr: Sclerosing cholanagitis and histiocytosis X. Gut 25: 526-530, 1984.

205. Viteri AL, Greene JF Jr: Bile duct abnormalities in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Gastroenterology 92: 2014-2018, 1987.

Other Causes of Bile Duct Damage

206. Bass NM, Burroughs AK, Scheuer PJ, et al: Chronic intrahepatic cholestasis due to sarcoidosis. Gut 23: 417-421, 1982.

207. Cavanzo FJ, Garcia CF, Botero RC: Chronic cholestasis, paucity of bile ducts, red cell aplasia, and the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. An ampicillin-associated case. Gastroenterology 99: 854-856, 1990.

208. Christoffersen P, Poulsen H, Scheuer PJ: Abnormal bile duct epithelium in chronic aggressive hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Hum Pathol 3: 227-235, 1972.

209. Geubel AP, Nakad A, Rahier J, Dive C: Prolonged cholestasis and disappearance of interlobular bile ducts following chlorpropramide and erythromycin ethylsuccinate. Case of drug interaction? Liver 8: 350-353, 1988.

210. Gregory DH, Zaki GF, Sarcosi GA, Carey JB: Chronic cholestasis following prolonged tolbutamide administration. Associated with destructive cholangitis and cholangiolitis. Arch Pathol 84: 194-201, 1967.

211. Haratake J, Horie A, Ishii N, Okuno F: Familial intrahepatic cholestatic cirrhosis in young adults. Gastroenterology 89: 202-209, 1985.

212. Horst DA, Grace ND, LeCompte PM: Prolonged cholestasis and progressive hepatic fibrosis following imipramine therapy. Gastroenterology 79: 550-554, 1980.

213. Keeffe EB: Sarcoidosis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Literature review and illustrative case. Am J Med 83: 977-980, 1987.

214. Kryger P, Christoffersen P, and the Copenhagen Hepatitis Acuta Programme: Light microscopic morphology of acute hepatitis non-A, non-B. A comparison with hepatitis type A and B. Liver 2: 200-206, 1982.

215. Larrey D, Pessayre D, Duhamel G, et al: Prolonged cholestasis after ajmaline-induced acute hepatitis. J Hepatol 2: 81-87, 1986.

216. Ludwig J, Wiesner RH, LaRusso NF: Idiopathic adulthood ductopenia. A cause of chronic cholestatic liver disease and biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol 7: 193-199, 1988.

217. Manivel JC, Bloomer JR, Snover DC: Progressive bile duct injury after thiabendazole administration. Gastroenterology 93: 245-249, 1987.

218. Mullick FG, Ishak KG, Mahabir R, Stromeyer FW: Hepatic injury associated with paraquat toxicity in humans. Liver 1: 209-221, 1981.

219. Murphy JR, Sjogren MH, Kikendall JW, et al: Small bile duct abnormalities in sarcoidosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 12: 555-561, 1990.

220. Rudzki C, Ishak KG, Zimmerman HJ: Chronic intrahepatic cholestasis of sarcoidosis. Am J Med 59: 373-387, 1975.

221. Schmid M, Pirovino M, Altorfer J, et al: Acute hepatitis non-A, non-B; are there any specific light microscopic features? Liver 2: 61-67, 1982.

222. Solis-Herruzo JA, Castellano G, Colina F, et al: Hepatic injury in the toxic epidemic syndrome caused by ingestion of adulterated cooking oil (Spain, 1981). Hepatology 4: 131-139, 1984.

223. Spechler SJ, Sperber H, Doos WG, Koff RS: Cholestasis and toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with phenytoin sodium ingestion: The role of bile duct injury. Ann Int Med 95: 455-456, 1981.

224. Vyberg M: Diverticular bile duct lesion in chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology 10: 774-780, 1989.

225. Vyberg M, Poulsen H: Abnormal bile duct epithelium accompanying septicaemia. Virchow Arch [A] 402: 451-458, 1984.