CHAPTER 4

REFERENCES

GENERAL ASPECTS

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8. Frank BB: Clinical evaluation of jaundice. A guideline of the Patient Care Committee of the American Gastroenterological Association. JAMA 262: 3031-3034, 1989.

9. French SW: Role of canalicular contraction in bile flow. Lab Invest 53: 245-249, 1985.

10. Fricker G, Landmann L, Meier PJ: Extrahepatic obstructive cholestasis reverses the bile salt secretory polarity of rat hepatocytes. J Clin Invest 84: 876-885, 1989.

11. Garden JM, Ostrow JD, Roenigk HH Jr: Pruritus in hepatic cholestasis. Pathogenesis and therapy. Arch Dermatol 121: 1415-1420, 1985.

12. Jeffrey GP, Muller DPR, Burroughs AK, et al: Vitamin E deficiency and its clinical significance in adults with primary biliary cirrhosis and other forms of chronic liver disease. J Hepatol 4: 307-317, 1987.

13. Kaplan MM: Serum alkaline phosphatase -- another piece is added to the puzzle. Hepatology 6: 526-528, 1986.

14. Meier PJ: Transport polarity of hepatocytes. Semin Liver Dis 8: 293-307, 1988.

15. O'Connor KW, Snodgrass PJ, Swonder JE, et al: A blinded prospective study comparing four current noninvasve approaches in the differential diagnosis of medical versus surgical jaundice. Gastroenterology 84: 1498-1504, 1983.

16. Oelberg DG, Lester R: Cellular mechanisms of cholestasis. Ann Rev Med 37: 297-317, 1986.

17. Phillips MJ, Poucell S, Oda M: Biology of disease. Mechanisms of cholestasis. Lab Invest 54: 593-608, 1986.

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23. Sokol RJ, Guggenheim MA, Heubi JE, et al: Frequency and clinical progression of the vitamin E deficiency neurologic disorder in children with prolonged neonatal cholestasis. Am J Dis Child 139: 1211-1215, 1985.

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26. Zeman RK, Burrell MI: Gallbladder and Bile Duct Imaging. A Clinical Radiologic Approach. New York, 1987, Churchill Livingstone.

MORPHOLOGIC ASPECTS

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33. Gerber MA, Orr W, Denk H, et al: Hepatocellular hyalin in cholestasis and cirrhosis: its diagnostic significance. Gastroenterology 64: 89-98, 1973.

34. Goldfischer S, Popper H, Sternlieb I: The significance of variations in the distribution of copper in liver disease. Am J Pathol 99: 715-730, 1980.

35. Guarascio P, Yentis F, Cervikbas U, et al: Value of copper-associated protein in diagnostic assessment of liver biopsy. J Clin Pathol 36: 18-23, 1983.

36. Ishak KG: New developments in diagnostic liver pathology. In Farber E, Phillips MJ, Kaufman N (eds): Pathogenesis of Liver Diseases. IAP monograph no. 28. Baltimore, 1987, Williams & Wilkins. pp 223-373.

37. Jain S, Scheuer PJ, Archer B, et al: Histological demonstration of copper and copper-associated protein in chronic liver diseases. J Clin Pathol 31: 784-790, 1978.

38. Janssens AR, Bosman FT, Ruiter DJ, Van den Hamer CJA: Immunohistochemical demonstration of the cytoplasmic copper-associated protein in the liver in primary biliary cirrhosis: its identification as metallothionein. Liver 4: 139-147, 1984.

39. Katsuma Y, Swierenga SHH, Khettry U, et al: Changes in the cytokeratin intermediate filament cytoskeleton associated with Mallory body formation in mouse and human liver. Hepatology 7: 1215-1223, 1987.

40. Lefkowitch JH: Bile ductular cholestasis: An ominous histopathologic sign related to "cholangitis lenta". Hum Pathol 13: 19-24, 1982.

41. Nagore N, Howe S, Boxer L, Scheuer PJ: Liver cell rosettes: structural differences in cholestasis and hepatitis. Liver 9: 43-51, 1989.

42. Phillips MJ, Poucell S: Cholestasis: Surgical pathology, mechanisms, and new concepts. In Farber E, Phillips MJ, Kaufman N (eds): Pathogenesis of Liver Diseases. IAP monograph no. 28. Baltimore, 1987, Williams & Wilkins. pp 65-94.

43. Phillips MJ, Poucell S, Patterson J, Valencia P: Cholestasis. In The liver: An Atlas and Text of Ultrastructural Pathology. New York, 1987, Raven Press. pp 101-158.

44. Portmann B, Popper H, Neuberger J, Williams R: Sequential and diagnostic features in primary biliary cirrhosis based on serial histologic study in 209 patients. Gastroenterology 88: 1777-1790, 1985.

45. Rubel LR, Ishak KG: The liver in fatal exertional heatstroke. Liver 3: 249-260, 1983.

46. Sternlieb I: Copper and zinc. In Arias IM, Jakoby WB, Popper H, et al (eds): The liver: biology and pathobiology, 2nd ed. New York, 1988, Raven Press. pp 525-533.

47. Sumithran E, Looi LM: Copper-binding protein in liver cells. Hum Pathol 16: 677-682, 1985.

48. Vaux DJ, Watt F, Grime GW, Takacs J: Hepatic copper distribution in primary biliary cirrhosis shown by the scanning proton microprobe. J Clin Path 38: 653-658, 1985.

49. Van Eyken P, Sciot R, Desmet VJ: A cytokeratin immunohistochemical study of cholestatic liver disease: evidence that hepatocytes can express 'bile duct-type' cytokeratins. Histopathology 15: 125-135, 1989.

BILIARY OBSTRUCTION

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51. Aranha GV, Prinz RA, Freeark RJ, Greenlee HB: The spectrum of biliary tract obstruction from chronic pancreatitis. Arch Surg 119: 595-600, 1984.

52. Baggenstoss AH: Morphologic features: their usefulness in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol 4: 227-246, 1975.

53. Berk RN, Cooperberg PL, Gold RP, et al: Radiography of the bile ducts. A symposium on the use of new modalities for diagnosis and treatment. Radiology 145: 1-9, 1982.

54. Bernhoft RA, Pellegrini CA, Motson RW, Way LW: Composition and morphologic and clinical features of common duct stones. Am J Surg 148: 77-84, 1984.

55. Blumgart LH, Thompson JN: The management of benign strictures of the bile duct. Curr Probl Surg 24: 1-66, 1987.

56. Body JJ, Bleiberg H, Bron D, et al: Total parenteral nutrition-induced cholestasis mimicking large bile duct obstruction. Histopathology 6: 787-792, 1982.

57. Bret PM, Partensky C, Bretagnolle M, et al: Obstructive jaundice by a dissecting aneurysm of celiac axis and hepatic artery. Dig Dis Sci 32: 1431-1434, 1987.

58. Cappell MS: Obstructive jaundice from benign, nonparasitic hepatic cysts: Identification of risk factors and percutaneous aspiration for diagnosis and treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 83: 93-96, 1988.

59. Cetta FM: Bile infection documented as initial event in the pathogenesis of brown pigment biliary stones. Hepatology 6: 482-489, 1986.

60. Chin NW, Chapman I, Jimenez FA: Mucinous hamartoma of the biliary duct system causing obstructive jaundice. Hum Pathol 19: 1112-1114, 1988.

61. Christoffersen P, Poulsen H: Histological changes in human liver biopsies following extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand (suppl) 212: 150-157, 1970.

62. Csendes A, Carlos Diaz J, Burdiles P, et al: Mirizzi syndrome and cholecytobiliary fistula: a unifying classification. Br J Surg 76: 1139-1143, 1989.

63. Doehlert CA Jr, Baggenstoss AH, Cain JC. Obstructive biliary cirrhosis and alcoholic cirrhosis. Comparison of clinical and pathologic features. Am J Clin Pathol 25: 902-914, 1955.

64. Flinn WR, Olson DF, Oyasu R, Beal JM: Biliary bacteria and hepatic histopathologic changes in gallstone disease. Ann Surg 185: 593-596, 1977.

65. Franco D, Martin B, Smadja C, et al: Biliary metastases of breast carcinoma. The case for resection. Cancer 60: 96-99, 1987.

66. Gall EA, Dobrogorski O: Hepatic alterations in obstructive jaundice. Am J Clin Pathol 41: 126-139, 1964.

67. Gerber MA, Thung SN, Bodenheimer HC Jr, et al: Characteristic histologic triad in liver adjacent to metastatic neoplasm. Liver 6: 85-88, 1986.

68. Gibson RN, Yeung E, Thompson JN, et al: Bile duct obstruction: Radiologic evaluation of level, cause, and tumor resectability. Radiology 160: 43-47, 1986.

69. Hadjis NS, Blumgart LH: Role of liver atrophy, hepatic resection and hepatocyte hyperplasia in the development of portal hypertension in biliary disease. Gut 28: 1022-1028, 1987.

70. Lokich JJ, Kane RA, Harrison DA, McDermott WV: Biliary tract obstruction secondary to cancer: Management guidelines and selected literature review. J Clin Oncol 5: 969-981, 1987.

71. Ludwig J: New concepts in biliary cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 7: 293-301, 1987.

72. Ludwig J, Czaja AJ, Dickson ER, et al: Manifestations of nonsuppurative cholangitis in chronic hepatobiliary diseases: morphologic spectrum, clinical correlations and terminology. Liver 4: 105-116, 1984.

73. MacSween RN: Mechanical duct obstruction. In Peters RL, Craig JR (eds): Liver Pathology. Contemporary issues in surgical pathology, vol 8. New York, 1986, Churchill Livingstone. pp 161-176.

74. Malet PF, Dabezies MA, Huang G, et al: Quantitative infrared spectroscopy of common bile duct gallstones. Gastroenterology 94: 1217-1221, 1988.

75. Matzen P, Junge J, Christoffersen P, Poulsen H: Reproducibility and accuracy of liver biopsy findings suggestive of an obstructive cause of jaundice. In Brunner H, Thaler H (eds): Hepatology: a Festschrift for Hans Popper. New York, 1985, Raven Press. pp 285-293.

76. Morris JS, Gallo GA, Scheuer PJ, Sherlock S: Percutaneous liver biopsy in patients with large bile duct obstruction. Gastroenterology 68: 750-754, 1975.

77. O'Connor MJ, Sumner HW, Schwartz ML: The clinical and pathologic correlations in mechanical biliary obstruction and acute cholangitis. Ann Surg 195: 419-423, 1982.

78. Poulsen H, Christoffersen P: Histological changes in liver biopsies from patients with surgical bile duct disorders. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [A] 78: 571-579, 1970.

79. Santman FW, Thijs LG, van der Veen EA, et al: Intermittent jaundice: A rare complication of a solitary nonparasitic liver cyst. Gastroenterology 72: 325-328, 1977.

80. Sarma DP, Weilbaecher TG, Deipairine EM: Hepatocellular carcinoma causing obstructive jaundice. J Surg Oncol 34: 192-193, 1987.

81. Scobie BA, Summerskill WHJ: Hepatic cirrhosis secondary to obstruction of the biliary system. Am J Digest Dis 10: 135-146, 1965.

82. Shorter RG, Baggenstoss AH: Extrahepatic cholestasis. II. Histologic features of diagnostic importance. Am J Clin Pathol 32: 5-9, 1959.

83. Slott PA, Liu MH, Tavoloni N: Origin, pattern, and mechanism of bile duct proliferation following biliary obstruction in the rat. Gastroenterology 99: 466-477, 1990.

84. Snover DC, Sibley RK, Freese DK, et al: Orthotopic liver transplantation: A pathological study of 63 serial liver biopsies from 17 patients with special reference to the diagnostic features and natural history of rejection. Hepatology 4: 1212-1222, 1984.

85. Standfield NJ, Salisbury JR, Howard ER: Benign non-traumatic inflammatory strictures of the extrahepatic biliary system. Br J Surg 76: 849-852, 1989.

86. Stellato TA, Zollinger RM Jr, Shuck JM: Metastatic malignant biliary obstruction. Am Surg 53: 385-388, 1987.

87. Stewart L, Smith AL, Pellegrini CA, et al: Pigment gallstones form as a composite of bacterial microcolonies and pigment solids. Ann Surg 206: 242-249, 1987.

88. Sung MW, Bruckner HW, Szabo S, Mitty HA: Extrahepatic obstructive jaundice due to colorectal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 83, 267-270, 1988.

89. Taylor TV, Armstrong CP: Migration of gall stones. Br Med J 294: 1320-1322, 1987.

90. Thomas JH, Pierce GE, Karlin C, et al: Extrahepatic biliary obstruction secondary to metastatic cancer. Am J Surg 142: 770-773, 1981.

91. Trotman BW, Soloway RD: Pigment gallstone disease: Summary of the National Institutes of Health -- international workshop. Hepatology 2: 879-884, 1982.

92. Uflacker R, Wholey MH, Amaral NM, Lima S: Parasitic and mycotic causes of biliary obstruction. Gastrointest Radiol 7: 173-179, 1982.

93. vanSonnenberg E, Ferrucci JT Jr: Bile duct obstruction in hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma) -- clinical and cholangiographic characteristics. Radiology 130: 7-13, 1979.

94. Wanless IR, Zahradnik J, Heathcote EJ: Hepatic cysts of periductal gland origin presenting as obstructive jaundice. Gastroenterology 93: 894-898, 1987.

95. Way LW, Bernhoft RA, Thomas MJ: Biliary stricture. Surg Clin North Am 61: 963-972, 1981.

96. Weinbren K, Hadjis NS, Blumgart LH: Structural aspects of the liver in patients with biliary disease and portal hypertension. J Clin Pathol 38: 1013-1020, 1985.

97. Wilson C, Auld CD, Schlinkert R, et al: Hepatobiliary complications in chronic pancreatitis. Gut 30: 520-527, 1989.

98. Yeong ML, Nicholson GI, Lee SP: Regression of biliary cirrhosis following choledochal cyst drainage. Gastroenterology 82: 332-335, 1982.

99. Zeman RK, Schiebler M, Clark LR, et al: The clinical and imaging spectrum of pancreaticoduodenal lymph node enlargement. AJR 144: 1223-1227, 1985.

HEPATOCELLULAR CHOLESTATIC DISORDERS

100. Afshani P, Littenberg GD, Wollman J, Kaplowitz N: Significance of microscopic cholangitis in alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology 75, 1045-1050, 1978.

101. Balistreri WF, Bove KE: Hepatobiliary consequences of parenteral alimentation. Prog Liver Dis 9: 567-601, 1990.

102. Berg B, Helm G, Petersohn L, Tryding N: Cholestasis of pregnancy. Clinical and laboratory studies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 65: 107-113, 1986.

103. Bianchi L, deGroote J, Desmet V, et al: Guidelines for diagnosis of therapeutic drug-induced liver injury in liver biopsies. Lancet 1: 854-857, 1974.

104. Bijleveld CM, Vonk RJ, Kuipers F, et al: Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis: altered bile acid metabolism. Gastroenterology 97: 427-432, 1989.

105. Bijleveld CM, Vonk RJ, Kuipers F, et al: Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis: A long-term follow-up study of two patients. Hepatology 9: 532-537, 1989.

106. Birrer MJ, Young RC: Differential diagnosis of jaundice in lymphoma patients. Semin Liver Dis 7: 269-277, 1987.

107. Cooksley WG, Powell LW, Kerr JF, Bhathal PS: Cholestasis in active chronic hepatitis. Am J Dig Dis 17, 495-504, 1972.

108. Finkelstein SD, Fornasier VL, Pruzanski W: Intrahepatic cholestasis with predominant pericentral deposition in systemic amyloidosis. Hum Pathol 12: 470-472, 1981.

109. Franson TR, Hierholzer WJ Jr, LaBreque DR: Frequency and characteristics of hyperbilirubinemia associated with bacteremia. Rev Infect Dis 7: 1-9, 1985.

110. Gordon SC, Reddy KR, Schiff L, Schiff ER: Prolonged intrahepatic cholestasis secondary to acute hepatitis A. Ann Int Med 101: 635-637, 1984.

111. Hoffman MS, Stein BE, Davidian MM, Rosenthal WS: Hepatic amyloidosis presenting as severe intrahepatic cholestasis: A case report and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol 83: 783-785, 1988.

112. Holzbach RT, Sivak DA, Braun WE: Familial recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: A genetic study providing evidence for transmission of a sex-limited, dominant trait. Gastroenterology 85: 175-179, 1983.

113. Ishak KG: Hepatic lesions caused by anabolic and contraceptive steroids. Semin Liver Dis 1: 116-128, 1981.

114. Ishak KG: The liver. In Riddell RH (ed): Pathology of Drug-induced and Toxic Diseases. New York, 1982, Churchill Livingstone. pp. 457-513.

115. Jakobovits AW, Crimmins FB, Sherlock S, et al: Cholestasis as a paraneoplastic manifestation of carcinoma of the kidney. Aust NZ J Med 11: 64-67, 1981.

116. Lefkowitch JH, Mendez L: Morphologic features of hepatic injury in cardiac disease and shock. J Hepatol 2: 313-327, 1986.

117. Lieberman DA: Intrahepatic cholestasis due to Hodgkin's disease. An elusive diagnosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 8: 304-307, 1986.

118. Minuk GY, Shaffer EA: Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis. Evidence for an intrinsic abnormality in hepatocyte secretion. Gastroenterology 93: 1187-1193, 1987.

119. Morgan MY, Sherlock S, Scheuer PJ: Acute cholestasis, hepatic failure, and fatty liver in the alcoholic. Scand J Gastroenterol 13, 299-303, 1978.

120. Moussavian SN, Dincsoy HP, Goodman S, et al: Severe hyperbilirubinemia and coma in chronic congestive heart failure. Dig Dis Sci 27: 175-180, 1982.

121. Perera DR, Greene ML, Fenster LF: Cholestasis associated with extrabiliary Hodgkin's disease. Report of three cases and review of four others. Gastroenterology 67: 680-685, 1974.

122. Perrillo RP, Griffin R, DeSchryver-Kecskemeti K, et al: Alcoholic liver disease presenting with marked elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase. A combined clinical and pathological study. Am J Dig Sci 23: 1061-1066, 1978.

123. Putterman C, Keidar S, Brook JG: Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis -- 25 years of follow-up. Postgrad Med J 63, 295-296, 1987.

124. Reddy AN, Grosberg SJ, Wapnick S: Intermittent cholestatic jaundice and nonmetastatic prostatic carcinoma. Arch Int Med 137: 1616-1618, 1977.

125. Reyes H: The enigma of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: lessons from Chile. Hepatology 2: 87-96, 1982.

126. Rolfes DB, Ishak KG: Liver disease in pregnancy. Histopathology 10: 555-570, 1986.

127. Rubinow A, Koff RS, Cohen AS: Severe intrahepatic cholestasis in primary amyloidosis. A report of four cases and a review of the literature. Am J Med 64: 937-946, 1978.

128. Schmid M, Cueni B: Portal lesions in viral hepatitis with submassive hepatic necrosis. Hum Pathol 3: 209-216, 1972.

129. Sciot R, Van Damme B, Desmet VJ: Cholestatic features in hepatitis A. J Hepatol 3: 172-181, 1986.

130. Sikuler E, Guetta V, Keynan A, et al: Abnormalities in bilirubin and liver enzyme levels in adult patients with bacteremia. A prospective study. Arch Intern Med 149: 2246-2248, 1989.

131. Summerskill WHJ, Walshe JM: Benign recurrent intrahepatic "obstructive" jaundice. Lancet 2: 686-690, 1959.

132. Uchida T, Kao H, Quispe-Sjogren M, Peters RL: Alcoholic foamy degeneration -- A pattern of acute alcoholic injury of the liver. Gastroenterology 84: 683-692, 1983.

133. Vore M: Estrogen cholestasis. Membranes, metabolites, or receptors? Gastroenterology 93: 643-649, 1987.

134. Williamson JM, Chalmers DM, Clayden AD, et al: Primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis: an examination of clinical, biochemical, and histopathological features in differential diagnosis. J Clin Pathol 38: 1007-1012, 1985.

135. Zimmerman HJ: Intrahepatic cholestasis. Arch Int Med 139: 1038-1045, 1979.

136. Zimmerman HJ, Fang M, Utili R, et al: Jaundice due to bacterial infection. Gastroenterology 77: 362-374, 1979.

137. Zimmerman HJ, Lewis JH: Drug-induced cholestasis. Med Toxicol 2: 112-160, 1987.

FAMILIAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIAS

138. Chowdhury JR, Wolkoff AW, Arias IM: Hereditary jaundice and disorders of bilirubin metabolism. In Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al (eds): The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 6th ed. New York, 1989, McGraw Hill. pp. 1367-1408.

139. Kaufman SS, Wood RP, Shaw BW Jr, et al: Orthotopic liver transplantation for type I Crigler-Najjar syndrome. Hepatology 6: 1259-1262, 1986.

140. Reichen J: Familial unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia syndromes. Semin Liver Dis 3: 24-35, 1983.

141. Wolkoff AW: Inherited disorders manifested by conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Semin Liver Dis 3: 65-72. 1983.