CHAPTER 3
REFERENCES
GENERAL ASPECTS
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CAUSES
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33. Homberg JC, Abuaf N, Bernard O, et al: Chronic active hepatitis associated with antiliver/kidney microsome antibody type 1: A second type of "autoimmune" hepatitis. Hepatology 7: 1333-1339, 1987.
34. Hoofnagle JH: Type D (delta) hepatitis. JAMA 261: 1321-1325, 1989.
35. Hoofnagle JH, Di Bisceglie AM: Serologic diagnosis of acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 11: 73-83, 1991.
36. Hoofnagle JH, Shafritz DA, Popper H: Chronic type B hepatitis and the "healthy" HBsAg carrier state. Hepatology 7: 758-763, 1987.
37. Ishak KG: The liver. In Riddell RH (ed): Pathology of Drug-induced and Toxic Diseases. New York, 1982, Churchill Livingstone. pp. 457-513.
38. Jeffers LJ, Hasan F, De Medina M, et al: Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus among patients with cryptogenic chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Hepatology 15: 187-190, 1992.
39. Johnson PJ, McFarlane IG, Eddleston ALWF: The natural course and heterogeneity of autoimmune-type chronic active hepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 11: 187-196, 1991.
40. Kanel GC, Govindarajan S, Peters RL: Chronic delta infection and liver biopsy changes in chronic active hepatitis B. Ann Intern Med 101: 51-54, 1984.
41. Keating JJ, O'Brien CJ, Stellon AJ, et al: Influence of aetiology, clinical and histological features on survival in chronic active hepatitis: An analysis of 204 patients. Q J Med 62: 59-66, 1987.
42. Kiyosawa K, Sodeyama T, Tanaka E, et al: Interrelationship of blood transfusion, non-A, non-B hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: Analysis by detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 12: 671-675, 1990.
43. Koretz RL, Stone O, Mousa M, Gitnick GL: Non-A, non-B posttranfusion hepatitis -- A decade later. Gastroenterology 88: 1251-1254, 1985.
44. Lefkowitch JH, Apfelbaum TF, Weinberg L, Forester G: Acute liver biopsy lesions in early autoimmune ("lupoid") chronic active hepatitis. Liver 4: 379-386, 1984.
45. Liaw YF, Chu C-M, Su I-J, et al: Clinical and histological events preceding hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in chronic type B hepatitis. Gastroenterology 84: 216-219, 1983.
46. Lok AS, Liang RHS, Chiu EKW, et al: Reactivation of hepatitis B virus replication in patients receiving cytotoxic therapy. Gastroenterology 100: 182-188, 1991.
47. Lok ASF, Lindsay I, Scheuer PJ, Thomas HC: Clinical and histological features of delta infection in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. J Clin Pathol 38: 530-533, 1985.
48. Maddrey WC: Subdivisions of idiopathic autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology 7: 1372-1375, 1987.
49. Maddrey WC, Boitnott JK: Drug-induced chronic liver disease. Gastroenterology 72: 1348-1353, 1977.
50. Maggiore G, Bernard O, Homberg J-C, et al: Liver disease associated with anti-liver-kidney microsome antibody in children. J Pediatr 108: 399-404, 1986.
51. Mann MP: Cytoplasmic autoantigens in autoimmune hepatitis: Molecular analysis and clinical relevance. Semin Liver Dis 11: 205-214, 1991.
52. Margolis HS, Alter MJ, Hadler SC: Hepatitis B: Evolving epidemiology and implications for control. Semin Liver Dis 11: 84-92, 1991.
53. Martin P, Di Bisceglie AM, Kassianides C, et al: Rapidly progressive non-A, non-B hepatitis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Gastroenterology 97: 1559-1561, 1989.
54. Mathieson RD, Sampliner RE, Latham PS, et al: Chronic liver disease following community-acquired non-A, non-B hepatitis. Am J Clin Pathol 85: 353-356, 1986.
55. Mendenhall CL, Seeff L, Diehl AM, et al: Antibodies to hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis: Their prevalence and clinical relevance. Hepatology 14: 581-589, 1991.
56. Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Lohse AW, Manns M, Poralla T: Autoimmunity and liver disease. Hepatology 12: 354-363, 1990.
57. Mills CT, Lee E, Perrillo R: Relationship between histologic, aminotransferase levels, and viral replication in chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 99: 519-524, 1990.
58. Mondelli M, Eddleston ALWF: Mechanisms of liver cell injury in acute and chronic hepatitis B. Semin Liver Dis 4: 47-58, 1984.
59. Mondelli MU, Manns M, Ferrari C: Does the immune response play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease? Arch Pathol Lab Med 112: 489-497, 1988.
60. Nei J, Matsuda Y, Takada A: Chronic hepatitis induced by alcohol. Dig Dis Sci 28: 207-215, 1983.
61. Olsson R, Lindberg J, Weiland O, et al: Chronic active hepatitis in Sweden. The etiologic spectrum, clinical presentation, and laboratory profile. Scand J Gastroenterol 23: 463-470, 1988.
62. Omata M, Ehata T, Tokosuka O, et al: Mutations in the precore region of hepatitis B virus DNA in patients with fulminant and severe hepatitis. N Engl J Med 324: 1699-1704, 1991.
63. Pinto PC, Hu E, Bernstein-Singer M, Pinter-Brown L, Govindarajan S: Acute hepatic injury after the withdrawal of immunsuppressive chemotherapy in patients with hepatitis B. Cancer 65: 878-884, 1990.
64. Popper H, Shafritz DA, Hoofnagle JH: Relation of the hepatitis B virus carrier state to hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 7: 764-772, 1987.
65. Poralla T, Treichel U, Löhr H, Fleischer B: The asialoglycoprotein receptor as target structure in autoimmune liver diseases. Semin Liver Dis 11: 215-222, 1991.
66. Rakela J, Goldschmiedt M, Ludwig J: Late manifestation of chronic liver disease in adults with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Dig Dis Sci 32: 1358-1362, 1987.
67. Realdi G, Alberti A, Rugge M, et al: Long-term follow-up of acute and chronic non-A, non-B post-tranfusion hepatitis: evidence of progression to liver cirrhosis. Gut 23: 270-275, 1982.
68. Rizzetto M, Verme G, Recchia S, et al: Chronic hepatitis in carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen, with intrahepatic expression of the delta antigen. An active and progressive disease unresponsive to immunosuppressive treatment. Ann Intern Med 98: 437-441, 1983.
69. Schaffner F: Autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: Three decades of progress. Prog Liver Dis 8: 485-503, 1986.
70. Schalm SW, Thomas HC, Hadziyannis SJ: Chronic hepatitis B. Prog Liver Dis 9: 443-462, 1990.
71. Schilsky ML, Scheinberg IH, Sternlieb I: Prognosis of Wilsonian chronic active hepatitis. Gastroenterology 100: 762-767, 1991.
72. Scott J, Gollan JL, Samourian S, Sherlock S: Wilson's disease, presenting as chronic active hepatitis. Gastroenterology 74: 645-651, 1978.
73. Sheen IS, Liaw YF, Tai DI, Chu CM: Hepatic decompensation associated with hepatitis B e antigen clearance in chronic type B hepatitis. Gastroenterology 89: 732-735, 1985.
74. Shih JW, Esteban Mur JI, Alter HJ: Non-A, non-B hepatitis: Advances and unfulfilled expectations of the first decade. Prog Liver Dis 8: 433-452, 1986.
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CLINICAL FEATURES
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79. Bortolotti F, Calzia R, Vegnente A, et al: Chronic hepatitis in childhood: the spectrum of the disease. Gut 29: 659-664, 1988.
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81. Davis GL, Balart LA, Schiff ER, et al: Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with recombinant interferon alfa. A multicenter randomized, controlled trial. N Engl J Med 321: 1501-1506, 1989.
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90. Lake JR, Wright TL: Liver transplantation for patients with hepatitis B: What have we learned from our results? Hepatology 13: 796-799, 1991.
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96. Perrillo RP, Brunt EM: Hepatic histologic and immunohistochemical changes in chronic hepatitis B after prolonged clearance of hepatitis B e antigen and hepatitis B surface antigen. Ann Intern Med 115: 113-115, 1991.
97. Perrillo RP, Schiff ER, Davis GL, et al: A randomized, controlled trial of interferon alfa-2b alone and after prednisone withdrawl for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 323: 295-301, 1990.
98. Sánchez-Tapias JM, Vilar JH, Costa J, et al: Natural history of chronic persistent hepatitis B. Relationship between hepatitis B virus replication and the course of disease. J Hepatol 1: 15-27, 1984.
99. Sanchez-Urdazpal L, Czaja AJ, van Hoek B, et al: Prognostic features and role of liver transplantation in severe corticosteroid-treated autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology 15: 215-221, 1992.
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PATHOLOGIC FEATURES
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118. Czaja AJ, Ludwig J, Baggenstoss AH, Wolf A: Corticosteroid-treated chronic active hepatitis in remission. Uncertain prognosis of chronic persistent hepatitis. N Engl J Med 304: 5-9, 1981.
119. Desmet VJ: Liver lesions in hepatitis B viral infection. Yale J Biol Med 61: 61-83, 1988.
120. Dienes HP, Autschbach F, Gerber MA: Ultrastructural lesion in autoimmune hepatitis and steps of the immune response in liver tissue. Semin Liver Dis 11: 197-204, 1991.
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122. Dienes HP, Popper H, Manns M, et al: Histologic features in autoimmune hepatitis. Z Gastroenterol 27: 325-330, 1989.
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125. Gerber MA, Vernace S: Chronic septal hepatitis. Virchows Arch [A] 363: 303-309, 1974.
126. Gudat F, Bianchi L, Sonnabend W, et al: Pattern of core and surface expression in liver tissue reflects state of specific immune response in hepatitis B. Lab Invest 32: 1-9, 1975.
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130. Knodell RG, Ishak KG, Black WC, et al: Formulation and application of a numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology 1: 431-435, 1981.
131. Lefkowitch JH, Apfelbaum TF: Non-A, non-B hepatitis: Characterization of liver biopsy pathology. J Clin Gastroenterol 11: 225-232, 1989.
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133. Liaw YF, Chu CM, Chen TJ, et al: Chronic lobular hepatitis: A clinicopathological and prognostic study. Hepatology 2: 258-262, 1982.
134. Liaw YF, Sheen IS, Chu CM, Chen TJ: Chronic hepatitis with nonspecific histological changes. Is it a distinct variant of chronic hepatitis? Liver 4: 55-60, 1984.
135. Lindh G, Weiland O, Glaumann H: The application of a numerical scoring system for evaluating the histological outcome in patients with chronic hepatitis B followed in long term. Hepatology 8: 98-103, 1988.
136. McFarlane BM, Sipos J, Gove CD, et al: Antibodies against the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor perfused in situ preferentially attach to periportal liver cells in the rat. Hepatology 11: 408-415, 1990.
137. Nagore N, Howe S, Boxer L, Scheuer PJ: Liver cell rosettes: structural differences in cholestasis and hepatitis. Liver 9: 43-51, 1989.
138. Ng IO, Sturgess RP, Williams R, Portmann B: Ground-glass hepatocytes with Lafora body like inclusion -- histochemical, immunohistochemical and electronmicroscopic characterization. Histopathology 17: 109-115, 1990.
139. Palmer PE, Wolfe HJ, Dayal Y: Immunocytochemical diagnosis of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Review of eight cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2: 275-281, 1978.
140. Pessayre D, Degos F, Feldmann G, et al: Chronic active hepatitis and giant multinucleated hepatocytes in adults treated with clometacin. Digestion 22: 66-72, 1981.
141. Peters RL: Viral hepatitis: a pathologic spectrum. Am J Med Sci 270: 17-31, 1975.
142. Phillips MJ, Poucell S: Modern aspects of the morphology of viral hepatitis. Hum Pathol 12: 1060-1084, 1981.
143. Popper H: Changing concepts of the evolution of chronic hepatitis and the role of piecemeal necrosis. Hepatology 3: 758-762, 1983.
144. Popper H, Paronetto F, Schaffner F: Immune processes in the pathogenesis of liver disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 124: 781-799, 1965.
145. Qizilbash A, Young-Pong O: Alpha-1-antitrypsin liver disease. Differential diagnosis of PAS-positive, diastase-resistant globules in liver cells. Am J Clin Pathol 79: 697-702, 1983.
146. Richey J, Rogers S, Van Thiel DH, Lester R: Giant multinucleated hepatocytes in an adult with chronic active hepatitis. Gastroenterology 73: 570-574, 1977.
147. Scheuer PJ: Changing views on chronic hepatitis. Histopathology 10: 1-4, 1986.
147a. Scheuer PJ, Ashrafzadeh P, Sherlock S, et al: The pathology of hepatitis C. Hepatology 15: 567-571, 1992.
148. Schlichting P, Hølund B, Poulsen H: Liver biopsy in chronic aggressive hepatitis. Diagnostic reproducibility in relation to size of specimen. Scand J Gastroenterol 18: 27-32, 1983.
149. Senba M: Staining method for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and its mechanism. Am J Clin Pathol 77: 312-315, 1982.
150. Shikata T, Uzawa T, Yoshiwara N, et al: Staining methods of Australian antigen in paraffin sections: Detection of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Jpn J Exp Med 44: 25-36, 1974.
151. Soloway RD, Baggenstoss AH, Schoenfield LJ, Summerskill WHJ: Observer error and sampling variability tested in evaluation of hepatitis and cirrhosis by liver biopsy. Dig Dis 16: 1082-1086, 1971.
152. Stromeyer FW, Ishak KG: Histology of the liver in Wilson's disease. A study of 34 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 73: 12-24, 1980.
153. Thijs JC, Bosma A, Henzen-Logmans SC, Meuwissen SGM: Postinfantile giant cell hepatitis in a patient with multiple autoimmune features. Am J Gastroenterol 80: 294-297, 1985.
154. Thorne CHMcK, Higgins GR, Ulich TR, et al: A histologic comparison of hepatitis B with non-A, non-B chronic active hepatitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 106: 433-436, 1982.
155. Villari D, Raimondo G, Brancatelli S, et al: Histological features in liver biopsy specimens of patients with acute reactivation of chronic type B hepatitis. Histopathology 18: 73-77, 1991.
156. Wilkinson SP, Portmann B, Cochrane AMG, et al: Clinical course of chronic lobular hepatitis. Report of five cases. Q J Med 44: 421-429, 1978.
157. Yoo JY, Howard R, Waggoner JG, Hoofnagle JH: Peroxidase-anti-perioxidase detection of hepatitis B surface and core antigen in liver biopsy specimens from patients with chronic type B hepatitis. J Med Virol 23: 273-281, 1987.